Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Silver Spike Point device.
Tables
Interventions Effect size and confidence interval from meta-analyses Number of primary studies Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) Any form of NRT13 RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.61 133 Nicotine gum13 RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.60 56 Nicotine patch13 RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.53 to 1.75 51 Nicotine inhaler13 RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.67 4 Nicotine nasal spray13 RR 2.02, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.73 4 Oral tablets/lozenges13 RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.74 8 Nicotine receptor partial agonists Varenicline versus (vs.) placebo14 RR 2.24, 95% CI 2.06 to 2.43 27 Varenicline vs. bupropion14 RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.54 5 Varenicline vs. NRT14 RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.37 8 Cytisine vs. placebo14 RR 3.98, 95% CI 2.01 to 7.87 2 Antidepressants Bupropion15 RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.52 to 1.77 45 Bupropion and NRT vs. NRT alone15 RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.51 12 Nortriptyline15 RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.78 6 RR: relative risk, CI: confidence interval Type of acupuncture therapy and description Acupuncture An ancient healing practice with roots in Chinese medicine
It involves inserting special needles into specific points (called acupoints) in the skin to relieve pain and other symptoms.
Therapeutic effects of acupuncture are thought to be due to the activation of neural pathways and the release of neurotransmitters.Electroacupuncture A variation of acupuncture that involves applying a small electrical current to the inserted needles. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) A non-invasive technique that involves applying electrical stimulation to the skin through electrodes placed on the skin.
Flat-surface electrodes are used. No needles are inserted.Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation A similar technique to TENS but uses a much lower level of electrical stimulation.
Uses weak electrical currents (<1,000 µA).Silver Spike Point therapy A more recent form of needle-less acupuncture.
Uses low-frequency electrical stimulation applied to the acupuncture points using special electrodes.
It uses “pointed” cone-shaped electrodes made of silver.
The treatment typically lasts between 15 and 30 minutes, and multiple sessions are usually required.- Table 3
- Suummary of the results of systematic reviews on the efficacy of acupuncture and related therapies in smoking cessation.
Author, year Comparison Short-term (<6 months) Number of participants (n of studies) Long-term (≥6 months) Number of participants (n of studies) White,40 2014 (Cochrane review) Acupuncture vs. waiting list 2 trials with high heterogeneity (I2=84%) - 1.79 (0.98 to 3.28); I2=57% 393 (3) Acupuncture vs. sham 1.22 (1.08 to 1.38); I2 = 46% 2588 (16) 1.10 (0.86 to 1.40); I2=23% 1892 (9) Acupuncture vs. nicotine replacement therapy 0.76 (0.59 to 0.98); I2=0% 814 (2) 0.64 (0.42 to 0.98); I2=0% 814 (2) Acupuncture vs. counselling and psychological approaches 0.95 (0.72 to 1.26); I2=43% 396 (3) 1.34 (0.80 to 2.24); I2=64% 396 (3) Acupressure vs. sham 2.54 (1.27 to 5.08); I2=0% 253 (3) No studies - Electrostimulation vs. sham 1.13 (0.87 to 1.46); I2=0% 634 (6) 0.87 (0.61 to 1.23); I2=46% 405 (2) Continuous auricular stimulation vs. sham 1.69 (1.32 to 2.16); I2=16% 1155 (13) 1.47 (0.79 to 2.74); I2=22% 570 (5) Zhang,66 2021 Acupressure vs. sham or conventional therapy Short term (1–3 months): 1.41 (1.04 to 1.91); I2=31% 637 (8) 1.85 (0.59 to 5.82); I2=14% 74 (2) Mid-term (3–6 months): 1.63 (1.27 to 2.09); I2=10% 749 (8) Intradermal needle vs. sham 1.62 (0.85 to 3.08); I2 = 64% 346 (5) No studies - Transcutaneous electrical stimulation vs. sham or counseling 1.27 (0.96 to 1.67); I2 = 64% 485 (5) 0.50 (0.05 to 5.28) 76 (1) Laser acupuncture vs. sham 2.98 (0.24 to 37.81); I2 = 96% 427 (2) 2.25 (1.23 to 4.11) 160 (2) Acupoint catgut embedding 0.99 (0.7 to 1.40) 177 (2) No studies - n: number
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