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Parameters Total (n=2258) Age (years) Children (≤12 years) 500 (22.2), 12±2.2 Adolescents (13-17 years) 540 (23.9), 17±1.3 Adults (≥18 years) 1218 (53.9), 29.5±10.5 Duration of T1DM related to age Children (≤12 years)Adolescents (13-17 years) 6 (1.5)10 (3.7) Adults (≥18 years) 11 (3.6) Gender Male 909 (40.3) Female 1349 (59.7) FBG (3.89-5.50 mmol/L) 15.5±7.7 HbA1c (4.3-6%) 9.9±4.6 LDL-C (2.59-4.11 mmol/L) 5.2±1.4 HDL-C (1.04-1.55 mmol/L) 0.77±0.45 Total cholesterol (5.2-6.2 mmol/L) 6.9±2.8 TG (1.7-2.2 mmol/L) 4.9±1.9 TG/HDL-C (<5) 6.3±0.91 ALP (40-129 U/L) 305.8±33.8 Albumin (3.5-5.0 g/dL) 3.3±1.1 Creatinine (0.3-1.4 mg/dL) 1.6±0.83 BMI (18.5-25.0 kg/m2) 22.8±8.2 Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%) for age groups and gender, and the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides,ALP: alkaline phosphates, BMI: body mass index
- Table 2
-Frequency distribution of autoimmune diseases among different gender and age groups with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Types of autoimmune diseases Total (N=2258) Children (≤12 years) Adolescents (13-17years) Adults (≥18 years) Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Only T1DM 450 (33.4) 287 (31.6) 133 (44.3) 58 (29.0) 148 (44.4) 70 (33.8) 169 (23.6) 159 (31.7) Autoimmune thyroiditis 285 (21.1) 144 (15.8) 52 (17.3) 57 (28.5) 49 (14.7) 33 (15.9) 184 (25.7) 54 (10.8) Celiac disease 150 (11.1) 119 (13.1) 60 (20.0) 39 (19.5) 37 (11.1) 31 (15.0) 53 (7.4) 49 (9.8) Adrenal insufficiency 250 (18.5) 162 (17.8) 32 (10.7) 33 (16.5) 49 (14.7) 32 (15.5) 169 (23.6) 97 (19.3) APS-II 214 (15.9) 197 (21.7) 23 (7.7) 13 (6.5) 50 (15.0) 41 (19.8) 141 (19.7) 143 (28.5) Total 1349 (59.7) 909 (40.3) 300 (60.0) 200 (40.0) 333 (61.6) 207 (38.4) 716 (58.8) 502 (41.2) Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus, APS-II: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome II
- Table 3
-The frequency distribution of T1DM complications in patients with autoimmune diseases and without.
Types of complications Only T1DM Autoimmune thyroiditis Celiac disease Adrenal insufficiency APS-II Kidney damage (nephropathy)* 92 (12.5) 48 (11.2) 34 (12.6) 64 (15.6) 74 (18.0) Eye damage (retinopathy)* 114 (15.5) 10 (2.3) 5 (1.9) 41 (10.0) 42 (10.2) Nerve damage (neuropathy)* 149 (20.2) 33 (7.7) 6 (2.2) 57 (13.9) 55 (13.4) Ketoacidosis without coma* 103 (14.0) 15 (3.5) 8 (3.0) 56 (13.6) 56 (13.6) Cardiovascular disease 110 (14.9) 62 (14.5) 22 (8.2) 77 (18.7) 79 (19.2) Hypoglycemia* 123 (16.7) 57 (13.3) 29 (10.8) 97 (23.6) 83 (20.2) Without complications 46 (6.2) 204 (47.5) 165 (61.3) 19 (4.6) 22 (5.4) Total 737 (32.6) 429 (19.0) 269 (11.9) 411 (18.2) 411 (18.2) ↵Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). *The current investigation reviewed the diverse complications encountered by individuals diagnosed with T1DM, utilizing their medical records and reports supplied by their referring physicians. T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus, APS-II: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome II
- Table 4
-Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients with autoimmune disorders and those without were subjected to laboratory tests.
Parameters Only T1DM Autoimmune thyroiditis CD AI APS-II P-values FBG (3.89-5.50 mmol/L) 16.5±7.4 19.5±8.4 14.3±5.7 13.2±4.7 18.8±6.3 0.03* HbA1c (4.3-6.0%) 10.2±3.6 12.9±5.6 8.9±3.6 8.7±4.6 13.8±5.6 0.03* LDL-C (2.59-4.11 mmol/L) 5.5±1.2 6.2±1.4 5.6±1.3 5.2±1.4 5.8±1.5 0.06 HDL-C (1.04-1.55 mmol/L) 0.87±0.55 0.78±0.75 0.88±0.55 0.79±0.44 0.79±0.53 >0.05 Total cholesterol (5.2-6.2 mmol/L) 6.7±2.6 7.3±2.6 6.8±2.5 6.9±2.8 6.5±2.82 0.04* TG (1.7-2.2 mmol/L) 5.1±1.7 5.9±1.9 5.2±1.6 5.5±1.7 5.8±1.6 0.05* TG/HDL-C (<5) 5.8±1.1 7.5±1.3 5.9±1.2 6.9±1.31 7.3±1.31 0.04* ALP (40-129 U/L) 310.8±38.2 200±44.8 125.9±38.3 180.8±21.2 245±43.5 0.02* Albumin (3.5-5.0 g/dL) 3.1±0.87 2.8±0.88 4.1±0.97 4.3±0.94 2.9±1.1 0.02* Creatinine (0.3-1.4 mg/dL) 1.6±0.83 1.8±0.88 1.5±0.78 1.9±0.87 1.8±0.93 0.05* BMI (18.5-25.0 kg/m2) 23.9±5.2 22.3±7.2 23.9±5.2 21.9±6.6 22.6±8.2 0.08 ↵Values are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). P-values were obtained from 2-way ANOVA. *A p-value of ≤0.05. T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus, CD: celiac disease, AI: adrenal insufficiency, APS-II: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome II, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, BMI: body mass index
- Table 5
-A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to investigate the potential associations between biomarkers and the incidence of either type 1 diabetes mellitus or other autoimmune diseases.
Parameters Only T1DM Autoimmune thyroiditis CD AI PGAS Nephropathy CVD Hypoglycemia FBG 6.32 (2.22-7.17) 5.32 (1.27-6.17) 5.32 (2.77-6.19) 5.44 (1.47-7.19) 1.24 (0.27-2.17) 6.55 (1.33-7.57) 4.33 (1.77-5.87) -5.51 (1.37-6.97) HbA1c 6.33 (2.31-7.27) 1.22 (1.31-2.28) 1.22 (1.21-2.33) 1.21 (1.01-2.08) 2.22 (1.01-2.58) 2.32 (1.21-2.77) 4.44 (1.61-5.28) -5.44 (1.91-7.28) Cholesterol 1.11 (1.02-1.44) -4.44 (1.52-5.44) 1.32 (0.52-2.44) 5.43 (2.54-6.44) 1.11 (0.72-1.44) 3.22 (1.32-4.44) 5.55 (1.62-7.84) 1.12 (0.82-2.04) Triglycerides 1.32 (0.82-2.07) 2.21 (0.92-3.01) 1.23 (0.98-2.11) 2.11 (1.12-3.11) 2.23 (1.22-3.41) 3.21 (1.82-4.01) 5.66 (1.92-6.90) 1.34 (0.91-2.01) Albumin 3.21 (1.12-3.87) 1.11 (0.62-1.87) 1.11 (0.82-1.97) 1.11 (0.72-1.97) 0.54 (0.22-1.47) -5.55 (2.62-6.87) 1.11 (0.72-1.67) 1.14 (0.72-1.47) Creatinine 3.64 (1.32-4.02) 0.76 (0.52-1.82) 1.21 (0.62-1.94) 2.15 (1.52-2.82) 0.076 (0.42-1.72) 7.65 (2.52-9.92) 1.34 (0.52-1.92) 0.44 (0.32-1.12) GADA 7.81 (2.52-8.47) 0.78 (0.52-1.47) 0.55 (0.42-1.47) 2.22 (1.42-2.47) 5.44 (1.52-7.27) 3.32 (1.52-4.41) 2.21 (1.52-2.47) 0.54 (0.22-1.17) ICA 6.66 (1.32-7.87) 0.55 (0.32-1.87) 0.43 (0.32-1.37) 0.86 (0.42-1.77) 3.33 (1.32-3.97) 3.44 (1.32-3.87) 2.45 (1.32-2.87) 0.43 (0.12-1.05) C-peptide -6.56 (1.42-8.13) 1.43 (1.12-2.13) 0.87 (0.72-1.73) 2.13 (1.32-2.88) 2.15 (1.15-2.88) 2.18 (1.11-3.13) 1.54 (1.18-2.43) 4.35 (1.52-5.13) TSH 3.33 (1.22-3.47) 6.54 (1.52-7.87) 0.76 (0.42-1.37) 2.01 (0.52-2.87) 2.9 (1.22-3.15) 0.95 (0.99-1.98) 4.54 (1.66-5.97) 1.61 (1.12-1.97) T4 3.22 (1.21-3.34) 6.54 (2.21-7.54) 0.56 (0.41-1.54) 3.22 (1.21-3.14) 1.16 (0.71-1.84) 3.33 (1.21-3.54) 5.43 (1.23-8.54) 0.59 (0.21-1.54) TPO 2.31 (1.02-2.66) 8.55 (1.82-9.66) 1.21 (0.82-1.66) 0.44 (0.22-1.16) 5.34 (1.85-7.66) 3.21 (0.82-3.66) 1.45 (1.02-1.66) 0.73 (0.52-1.66) anti-tTG 2.33 (1.25-2.87) 1.5 (0.85-2.07) 6.51 (1.95-7.87) 0.32 (0.15-1.17) 3.32 (1.85-4.07) 3.44 (0.85-2.07) 1.32 (0.75-2.77) 1.32 (0.83-2.17) IgA 6.71 (3.22-8.18) 6.43 (2.27-7.98) 8.65 (2.77-9.99) 5.31 (2.427-6.97) 7.55 (2.27-9.98) 5.43 (2.17-8.08) 1.86 (1.27-2.98) 1.38 (1.11-2.08) ACTH 2.13 (1.52-3.11) 2.12 (1.62-2.77) 1.22 (0.62-2.27) -5.55 (1.72-6.877) 2.34 (1.42-3.17) 1.32 (1.42-2.97) 0.44 (0.62-1.77) 0.41 (0.62-1.77) Cortisol 2.33 (1.12-3.14) 2.11 (1.16-3.24) 1.34 (0.86-1.77) -6.66 (2.16-7.84) 2.54 (1.10-3.04) 1.44 (1.17-2.32) 4.55 (1.76-5.24) 0.53 (0.46-1.24) Adrenal 21-OH Ab 2.34 (0.92-2.87) 2.11 (1.52-2.97) 1.22 (1.12-2.27) 7.66 (2.52-8.79) 5.45 (2.58-6.90) 2.25 (1.32-3.09) 0.65 (0.52-1.37) 0.37 (0.53-1.37) Values are presented as odd ratios (OR) for the 95% confidence intervals (CI). The model was adjusted for age and gender. * P≤0.05 or 0.001. CD: celiac disease, AI: adrenal insufficiency, PGAS: polyglandular autoimmune syndromes, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, GADA: glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody, ICA: Islet cell antibodies, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4: thyroxine, TPO: anti-thyroperoxidase, anti-tTG: transglutaminase antibody, IgA: immunoglobulin A, ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone, CVD: cardiovascular disease
