Impact of pulmonary infection after radical esophagectomy on serum inflammatory markers, pulmonary function indices, and prognosis

Wu Wang; Tianbao Yang; Jinbiao Xie; Shijie Huang

doi:10.15537/smj.2024.45.1.20230504

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Esophageal cancer: trends in incidence and mortality in China from 2005-2015. Cancer Med 2021; 10: 1839-1847.
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3. Then EO ,
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5. Gaduputi V.
Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: update in global trends, etiology and risk factors. Clin J Gastroenterol 2020; 13: 1010-1021.
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2. Zhu H ,
3. Ma X ,
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Esophageal cancer in China: practice and research in the new era. Int J Cancer 2023; 152: 1741-1751.
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3. Otake R ,
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2. Matsui K ,
3. Kawakubo H ,
4. Matsuda S ,
5. Hirata Y ,
6. Irino T ,
7. Fukuda K , et al.
Clinical predictors of early postoperative recurrence after radical esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. Esophagus 2023; 20: 679-690.
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6.↵
2. Yuan P ,
3. Hu W ,
4. Liu Z ,
5. Wu N ,
6. Lin H ,
7. Li S , et al.
Left-primary and right-auxiliary operation mode in mediastinoscope-assisted radical esophagectomy. Surg Endosc 2023; 37: 7884-7892.
OpenUrl
7.↵
2. Li S ,
3. Su J ,
4. Sui Q ,
5. Wang G.
A nomogram for predicting postoperative pulmonary infection in esophageal cancer patients. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21: 283.
OpenUrl
8.↵
2. Yu Z ,
3. Li S ,
4. Liu D ,
5. Liu L ,
6. He J ,
7. Huang Y , et al.
Society for Translational Medicine Expert Consensus on the prevention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary infection in esophageal cancer patients. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10: 1050-1057.
OpenUrl
9.↵
2. Raftery NB ,
3. Murphy CF ,
4. Donohoe CL ,
5. O’Connell B ,
6. King S ,
7. Ravi N , et al.
The complexity of defining postoperative pneumonia after esophageal cancer surgery: a spectrum of lung injury rather than a simple infective complication? Ann Surg 2022; 276: e400-e406.
OpenUrl
10.↵
National Health Commission Of The People’s Republic Of China. Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of esophageal carcinoma 2018 (English version). Chin J Cancer Res 2019; 31: 223-258.
OpenUrl PubMed
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2. Inada M ,
3. Nishimura Y ,
4. Ishikawa K ,
5. Nakamatsu K ,
6. Wada Y ,
7. Uehara T , et al.
Comparing the 7th and 8th editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control TNM staging system for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated by definitive radiotherapy. Esophagus 2019; 16: 371-376.
OpenUrl
12.↵
2. Manchal N ,
3. Mohamed MRS ,
4. Ting M ,
5. Luetchford H ,
6. Francis F ,
7. Carrucan J , et al.
Hospital acquired viral respiratory tract infections: an underrecognized nosocomial infection. Infect Dis Health 2020; 25: 175-180.
OpenUrl
13.↵
2. Uchihara T ,
3. Yoshida N ,
4. Baba Y ,
5. Yagi T ,
6. Toihata T ,
7. Oda E , et al.
Risk factors for pulmonary morbidities after minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 2018; 32: 2852-2858.
OpenUrl
14.↵
2. Liu G ,
3. Peng L ,
4. Liu B ,
5. Wang K ,
6. Han Y.
Analysis of risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with minimally invasive esophagectomy. Oncol Lett 2019; 17: 3283-3288.
OpenUrl
15.↵
2. Bassel LL ,
3. Co C ,
4. Macdonald A ,
5. Sly L ,
6. McCandless EE ,
7. Hewson J , et al.
Pulmonary and systemic responses to aerosolized lysate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in calves. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16: 168.
OpenUrl
16.↵
2. Takahashi N ,
3. Umezawa R ,
4. Kishida K ,
5. Yamamoto T ,
6. Ishikawa Y ,
7. Takeda K , et al.
Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for esophageal cancer in patients aged 80 years or older who were treated with definitive radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Esophagus 2022; 19: 129-136.
OpenUrl
17.↵
2. Mantoan S ,
3. Cavallin F ,
4. Pinto E ,
5. Saadeh LM ,
6. Alfieri R ,
7. Cagol M , et al.
Long-term quality of life after esophagectomy with gastric pull-up. J Surg Oncol 2018; 117: 970-976.
OpenUrl
18.↵
2. Fuchita M ,
3. Khan SH ,
4. Perkins AJ ,
5. Gao S ,
6. Wang S ,
7. Kesler KA , et al.
Perioperative risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 108: 190-195.
OpenUrl PubMed
19.↵
2. Booka E ,
3. Kikuchi H ,
4. Hiramatsu Y ,
5. Takeuchi H.
The impact of infectious complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer on cancer prognosis and treatment strategy. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 4614.
OpenUrl
20.↵
2. Wang WP ,
3. Ma J ,
4. Lu Q ,
5. Han Y ,
6. Li XF ,
7. Jiang T , et al.
Larynx-preserving limited resection with total thoracic esophagectomy and gastric pull-up reconstruction: a promising treatment for selected cervical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Turk J Gastroenterol 2020; 31: 948-954.
OpenUrl
21.↵
2. Patel K ,
3. Abbassi O ,
4. Tang CB ,
5. Lorenzi B ,
6. Charalabopoulos A ,
7. Kadirkamanathan S , et al.
Completely minimally invasive esophagectomy versus hybrid esophagectomy for esophageal and gastroesophageal junctional cancer: clinical and short-term oncological outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28: 702-711.
OpenUrl
22.↵
2. Ding Q ,
3. Zhou W ,
4. Xue Y ,
5. Han X ,
6. Yin D ,
7. Xue L , et al.
Comparison of postoperative complications between different operation methods for esophageal cancer. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10: 1669-1672.
OpenUrl
23.↵
2. Hochreiter M ,
3. Uhling M ,
4. Sisic L ,
5. Bruckner T ,
6. Heininger A ,
7. Hohn A , et al.
Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis after thoracoabdominal esophagectomy does not reduce the risk of pneumonia in the first 30 days: a retrospective before-and-after analysis. Infection 2018; 46: 617-624.
OpenUrl
24.↵
2. Tukanova KH ,
3. Chidambaram S ,
4. Guidozzi N ,
5. Hanna GB ,
6. McGregor AH ,
7. Markar SR.
Physiotherapy regimens in esophagectomy and gastrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29: 3148-3167.
OpenUrl
25.↵
2. Tan L ,
3. Cheng D ,
4. Wen J ,
5. Huang K ,
6. Zhang Q.
Identification of prognostic hypoxia-related genes signature on the tumor microenvironment in esophageal cancer. Math Biosci Eng 2021; 18: 7743-7758.
OpenUrl
26.
2. Xue M ,
3. Zeng Y ,
4. Qu HQ ,
5. Zhang T ,
6. Li N ,
7. Huang H , et al.
Heparin-binding protein levels correlate with aggravation and multiorgan damage in severe COVID-19. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7: 00741-02020.
OpenUrl
27.↵
2. Qiao L ,
3. Zeng SQ ,
4. Zhang N.
Effects of cooperative nursing and patient education on postoperative infection and self-efficacy in gastrointestinal tumors. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9: 1610-1618.
OpenUrl
28.↵
2. Buzquurz F ,
3. Bojesen RD ,
4. Grube C ,
5. Madsen MT ,
6. Gögenur I.
Impact of oral preoperative and perioperative immunonutrition on postoperative infection and mortality in patients undergoing cancer surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. BJS Open 2020; 4: 764-775.
OpenUrl
29.↵
2. Okamura A ,
3. Watanabe M ,
4. Kitazono S ,
5. Manoshiro H ,
6. Kasama E ,
7. Takahashi K , et al.
The design of and rationale for the effect of perioperative inhaled tiotropium for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in esophageal cancer surgery (EPITOPE): an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Eur Surg Res 2020; 61: 123-129.
OpenUrl
30.↵
2. Sun L ,
3. Xu F ,
4. Xu X ,
5. Liu C.
The correlation between common postoperative complications and quality of life, serum tumor markers, and prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 11: 217-226.
OpenUrl

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Keywords

[1] 1.↵

He F ,
Wang J ,
Liu L ,
Qin X ,
Wan Z ,
Li W , et al.
Esophageal cancer: trends in incidence and mortality in China from 2005-2015. Cancer Med 2021; 10: 1839-1847.
OpenUrl

[3] He F ,

[4] Wang J ,

[5] Liu L ,

[6] Qin X ,

[7] Wan Z ,

[8] Li W , et al.

[9] 2.↵

Uhlenhopp DJ ,
Then EO ,
Sunkara T ,
Gaduputi V.
Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: update in global trends, etiology and risk factors. Clin J Gastroenterol 2020; 13: 1010-1021.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[11] Uhlenhopp DJ ,

[12] Then EO ,

[13] Sunkara T ,

[14] Gaduputi V.

[15] 3.↵

Zhu H ,
Ma X ,
Ye T ,
Wang H ,
Wang Z ,
Liu Q , et al.
Esophageal cancer in China: practice and research in the new era. Int J Cancer 2023; 152: 1741-1751.
OpenUrl

[17] Zhu H ,

[18] Ma X ,

[19] Ye T ,

[20] Wang H ,

[21] Wang Z ,

[22] Liu Q , et al.

[23] 4.↵

Watanabe M ,
Otake R ,
Kozuki R ,
Toihata T ,
Takahashi K ,
Okamura A , et al.
Recent progress in multidisciplinary treatment for patients with esophageal cancer. Surg Today 2020; 50: 12-20.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[25] Watanabe M ,

[26] Otake R ,

[27] Kozuki R ,

[28] Toihata T ,

[29] Takahashi K ,

[30] Okamura A , et al.

[31] 5.↵

Matsui K ,
Kawakubo H ,
Matsuda S ,
Hirata Y ,
Irino T ,
Fukuda K , et al.
Clinical predictors of early postoperative recurrence after radical esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. Esophagus 2023; 20: 679-690.
OpenUrl

[33] Matsui K ,

[34] Kawakubo H ,

[35] Matsuda S ,

[36] Hirata Y ,

[37] Irino T ,

[38] Fukuda K , et al.

[39] 6.↵

Yuan P ,
Hu W ,
Liu Z ,
Wu N ,
Lin H ,
Li S , et al.
Left-primary and right-auxiliary operation mode in mediastinoscope-assisted radical esophagectomy. Surg Endosc 2023; 37: 7884-7892.
OpenUrl

[41] Yuan P ,

[42] Hu W ,

[43] Liu Z ,

[44] Wu N ,

[45] Lin H ,

[46] Li S , et al.

[47] 7.↵

Li S ,
Su J ,
Sui Q ,
Wang G.
A nomogram for predicting postoperative pulmonary infection in esophageal cancer patients. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21: 283.
OpenUrl

[49] Li S ,

[50] Su J ,

[51] Sui Q ,

[52] Wang G.

[53] 8.↵

Yu Z ,
Li S ,
Liu D ,
Liu L ,
He J ,
Huang Y , et al.
Society for Translational Medicine Expert Consensus on the prevention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary infection in esophageal cancer patients. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10: 1050-1057.
OpenUrl

[55] Yu Z ,

[56] Li S ,

[57] Liu D ,

[58] Liu L ,

[59] He J ,

[60] Huang Y , et al.

[61] 9.↵

Raftery NB ,
Murphy CF ,
Donohoe CL ,
O’Connell B ,
King S ,
Ravi N , et al.
The complexity of defining postoperative pneumonia after esophageal cancer surgery: a spectrum of lung injury rather than a simple infective complication? Ann Surg 2022; 276: e400-e406.
OpenUrl

[63] Raftery NB ,

[64] Murphy CF ,

[65] Donohoe CL ,

[66] O’Connell B ,

[67] King S ,

[68] Ravi N , et al.

[69] 10.↵
National Health Commission Of The People’s Republic Of China. Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of esophageal carcinoma 2018 (English version). Chin J Cancer Res 2019; 31: 223-258.
OpenUrl PubMed

[70] 11.↵

Inada M ,
Nishimura Y ,
Ishikawa K ,
Nakamatsu K ,
Wada Y ,
Uehara T , et al.
Comparing the 7th and 8th editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control TNM staging system for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated by definitive radiotherapy. Esophagus 2019; 16: 371-376.
OpenUrl

[72] Inada M ,

[73] Nishimura Y ,

[74] Ishikawa K ,

[75] Nakamatsu K ,

[76] Wada Y ,

[77] Uehara T , et al.

[78] 12.↵

Manchal N ,
Mohamed MRS ,
Ting M ,
Luetchford H ,
Francis F ,
Carrucan J , et al.
Hospital acquired viral respiratory tract infections: an underrecognized nosocomial infection. Infect Dis Health 2020; 25: 175-180.
OpenUrl

[80] Manchal N ,

[81] Mohamed MRS ,

[82] Ting M ,

[83] Luetchford H ,

[84] Francis F ,

[85] Carrucan J , et al.

[86] 13.↵

Uchihara T ,
Yoshida N ,
Baba Y ,
Yagi T ,
Toihata T ,
Oda E , et al.
Risk factors for pulmonary morbidities after minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 2018; 32: 2852-2858.
OpenUrl

[88] Uchihara T ,

[89] Yoshida N ,

[90] Baba Y ,

[91] Yagi T ,

[92] Toihata T ,

[93] Oda E , et al.

[94] 14.↵

Liu G ,
Peng L ,
Liu B ,
Wang K ,
Han Y.
Analysis of risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients with minimally invasive esophagectomy. Oncol Lett 2019; 17: 3283-3288.
OpenUrl

[96] Liu G ,

[97] Peng L ,

[98] Liu B ,

[99] Wang K ,

[100] Han Y.

[101] 15.↵

Bassel LL ,
Co C ,
Macdonald A ,
Sly L ,
McCandless EE ,
Hewson J , et al.
Pulmonary and systemic responses to aerosolized lysate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in calves. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16: 168.
OpenUrl

[103] Bassel LL ,

[104] Co C ,

[105] Macdonald A ,

[106] Sly L ,

[107] McCandless EE ,

[108] Hewson J , et al.

[109] 16.↵

Takahashi N ,
Umezawa R ,
Kishida K ,
Yamamoto T ,
Ishikawa Y ,
Takeda K , et al.
Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for esophageal cancer in patients aged 80 years or older who were treated with definitive radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Esophagus 2022; 19: 129-136.
OpenUrl

[111] Takahashi N ,

[112] Umezawa R ,

[113] Kishida K ,

[114] Yamamoto T ,

[115] Ishikawa Y ,

[116] Takeda K , et al.

[117] 17.↵

Mantoan S ,
Cavallin F ,
Pinto E ,
Saadeh LM ,
Alfieri R ,
Cagol M , et al.
Long-term quality of life after esophagectomy with gastric pull-up. J Surg Oncol 2018; 117: 970-976.
OpenUrl

[119] Mantoan S ,

[120] Cavallin F ,

[121] Pinto E ,

[122] Saadeh LM ,

[123] Alfieri R ,

[124] Cagol M , et al.

[125] 18.↵

Fuchita M ,
Khan SH ,
Perkins AJ ,
Gao S ,
Wang S ,
Kesler KA , et al.
Perioperative risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 108: 190-195.
OpenUrl PubMed

[127] Fuchita M ,

[128] Khan SH ,

[129] Perkins AJ ,

[130] Gao S ,

[131] Wang S ,

[132] Kesler KA , et al.

[133] 19.↵

Booka E ,
Kikuchi H ,
Hiramatsu Y ,
Takeuchi H.
The impact of infectious complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer on cancer prognosis and treatment strategy. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 4614.
OpenUrl

[135] Booka E ,

[136] Kikuchi H ,

[137] Hiramatsu Y ,

[138] Takeuchi H.

[139] 20.↵

Wang WP ,
Ma J ,
Lu Q ,
Han Y ,
Li XF ,
Jiang T , et al.
Larynx-preserving limited resection with total thoracic esophagectomy and gastric pull-up reconstruction: a promising treatment for selected cervical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Turk J Gastroenterol 2020; 31: 948-954.
OpenUrl

[141] Wang WP ,

[142] Ma J ,

[143] Lu Q ,

[144] Han Y ,

[145] Li XF ,

[146] Jiang T , et al.

[147] 21.↵

Patel K ,
Abbassi O ,
Tang CB ,
Lorenzi B ,
Charalabopoulos A ,
Kadirkamanathan S , et al.
Completely minimally invasive esophagectomy versus hybrid esophagectomy for esophageal and gastroesophageal junctional cancer: clinical and short-term oncological outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28: 702-711.
OpenUrl

[149] Patel K ,

[150] Abbassi O ,

[151] Tang CB ,

[152] Lorenzi B ,

[153] Charalabopoulos A ,

[154] Kadirkamanathan S , et al.

[155] 22.↵

Ding Q ,
Zhou W ,
Xue Y ,
Han X ,
Yin D ,
Xue L , et al.
Comparison of postoperative complications between different operation methods for esophageal cancer. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10: 1669-1672.
OpenUrl

[157] Ding Q ,

[158] Zhou W ,

[159] Xue Y ,

[160] Han X ,

[161] Yin D ,

[162] Xue L , et al.

[163] 23.↵

Hochreiter M ,
Uhling M ,
Sisic L ,
Bruckner T ,
Heininger A ,
Hohn A , et al.
Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis after thoracoabdominal esophagectomy does not reduce the risk of pneumonia in the first 30 days: a retrospective before-and-after analysis. Infection 2018; 46: 617-624.
OpenUrl

[165] Hochreiter M ,

[166] Uhling M ,

[167] Sisic L ,

[168] Bruckner T ,

[169] Heininger A ,

[170] Hohn A , et al.

[171] 24.↵

Tukanova KH ,
Chidambaram S ,
Guidozzi N ,
Hanna GB ,
McGregor AH ,
Markar SR.
Physiotherapy regimens in esophagectomy and gastrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29: 3148-3167.
OpenUrl

[173] Tukanova KH ,

[174] Chidambaram S ,

[175] Guidozzi N ,

[176] Hanna GB ,

[177] McGregor AH ,

[178] Markar SR.

[179] 25.↵

Tan L ,
Cheng D ,
Wen J ,
Huang K ,
Zhang Q.
Identification of prognostic hypoxia-related genes signature on the tumor microenvironment in esophageal cancer. Math Biosci Eng 2021; 18: 7743-7758.
OpenUrl

[181] Tan L ,

[182] Cheng D ,

[183] Wen J ,

[184] Huang K ,

[185] Zhang Q.

[186] 26.

Xue M ,
Zeng Y ,
Qu HQ ,
Zhang T ,
Li N ,
Huang H , et al.
Heparin-binding protein levels correlate with aggravation and multiorgan damage in severe COVID-19. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7: 00741-02020.
OpenUrl

[188] Xue M ,

[189] Zeng Y ,

[190] Qu HQ ,

[191] Zhang T ,

[192] Li N ,

[193] Huang H , et al.

[194] 27.↵

Qiao L ,
Zeng SQ ,
Zhang N.
Effects of cooperative nursing and patient education on postoperative infection and self-efficacy in gastrointestinal tumors. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9: 1610-1618.
OpenUrl

[196] Qiao L ,

[197] Zeng SQ ,

[198] Zhang N.

[199] 28.↵

Buzquurz F ,
Bojesen RD ,
Grube C ,
Madsen MT ,
Gögenur I.
Impact of oral preoperative and perioperative immunonutrition on postoperative infection and mortality in patients undergoing cancer surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. BJS Open 2020; 4: 764-775.
OpenUrl

[201] Buzquurz F ,

[202] Bojesen RD ,

[203] Grube C ,

[204] Madsen MT ,

[205] Gögenur I.

[206] 29.↵

Okamura A ,
Watanabe M ,
Kitazono S ,
Manoshiro H ,
Kasama E ,
Takahashi K , et al.
The design of and rationale for the effect of perioperative inhaled tiotropium for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in esophageal cancer surgery (EPITOPE): an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Eur Surg Res 2020; 61: 123-129.
OpenUrl

[208] Okamura A ,

[209] Watanabe M ,

[210] Kitazono S ,

[211] Manoshiro H ,

[212] Kasama E ,

[213] Takahashi K , et al.

[214] 30.↵

Sun L ,
Xu F ,
Xu X ,
Liu C.
The correlation between common postoperative complications and quality of life, serum tumor markers, and prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 11: 217-226.
OpenUrl

[216] Sun L ,

[217] Xu F ,

[218] Xu X ,

[219] Liu C.

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Impact of pulmonary infection after radical esophagectomy on serum inflammatory markers, pulmonary function indices, and prognosis

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Impact of pulmonary infection after radical esophagectomy on serum inflammatory markers, pulmonary function indices, and prognosis

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