Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses flow diagram of the study selection process. COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19
Tables
Criteria Al Ateeq et al30 Al Zaid et al31 Al Hurishi et al32 Meo et al33 Mohsin et al2 Al Shehri et al34 Al Malki et al1 Was the sample representative of the target population? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Were study participants recruited in an appropriate way? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Was the sample size adequate? Identified using objective criteria? Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Was the data analysis carried out with sufficient coverage of the identified sample? N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes N/A Yes Were objective, standard criteria used to measure the condition? Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Was the condition measured reliably? N/A Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Was there appropriate statistical analysis accounted for? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Are all important confounding factors/subgroups/differences identified and accounted for? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Were subpopulations identified using objective criteria? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A: not applicable
Authors Study design Participants Sample size Average age Measures Study outcome Al Ateeq et al30 Cross-sectional HCWs n=502 18-50 years PHQ-9, GAD-7 - Over 50% of HCWs showed symptoms of depression and anxiety.
- Female HCWs exhibited higher scores of depression and anxiety.
- HCWs in Riyadh and those with university degrees report higher levels.
Al Zaid et al31 Cross-sectional HCWs n=456 25-65 years GAD-7 - 27% of HCWs experienced mild anxiety, 13.2% reported moderate stress, and 7.9% reported severe anxiety.
- Older individuals and non-Saudis were less likely to have an anxiety disorder.
- Females and individuals with a family history of COVID-19 were significantly more likely to have an anxiety disorder.
Al Hurishi et al32 Cross-sectional HCWs n=200 21-41+ years PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI-7, IES-22 - HCWs reported symptoms of 73% of depression, 69% of anxiety, 62% of insomnia, and 83% of distress.
- The severe level of depression for physicians and nurses was observed.
- Females reported severe levels of depression and anxiety.
Meo et al33 Cross-sectional HCWs n=1678 21-61+ years GAD-7, PSQI - 25.9% among HCWs, experienced moderate to severe anxiety, with females being more likely to report moderate to severe anxiety.
- Frontline workers reported the highest level of poor sleep quality.
- Physicians and nurses were more likely to experience moderate to severe anxiety.
Mohsin et al2 Cross-sectional HCWs n=737 18-50 years COVID-19 fear and anxiety questionnaire, an open-ended question 10.7% of participants exhibited mild, 73.5% moderate, and 15.7% severe levels of fear and anxiety. Al Shehri et al34 Cross-sectional HCWs n=404 30-40+ years PCL-5 - PTSD score revealed that 60 out of 404 participants experienced symptoms.
- PTSD frequency increased with age.
- Pharmacists and hospitalized individuals showed a higher frequency of PTSD.
Al Malki et al1 Cross-sectional HCWs n=501 18-35+ years DASS-21 - Stress levels were higher among pharmacists than physicians but lower among nurses.
- Depression was significantly higher among participants with chronic illnesses and those who had tested positive for COVID-19.
HCWs: healthcare workers, PHQ: patient health questionnaire, GAD: generalized anxiety disorder, ISI: insomnia severity index, IES: impact of event scale-revised, PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index, COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19, PCL: post-traumatic stress disorder checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5, DASS-21: depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21, PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.