Prevalence of thyroid disorders among the diabetic population in Arar, Saudi Arabia

Haider O. Elmisbah; Riyad Y. Laham; Hafiz O. Almisbah; Hadeel T. Alanazi; Taif A. Alanazi; Raghad M. Alanzi; Wejdan A. Aldahmashi; Anshoo Agarwal; Rashad Q. Othman

doi:10.15537/smj.2024.45.6.20240144

References

1.↵
1. Taylor PN,
2. Albrecht D,
3. Scholz A,
4. Gutierrez-Buey G,
5. Lazarus JH,
6. Dayan CM, et al.
Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14: 301–316.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
2.↵
1. Diab N,
2. Daya NR,
3. Juraschek SP,
4. Martin SS,
5. McEvoy JW,
6. Schultheiß UT, et al.
Prevalence and risk factors of thyroid dysfunction in older adults in the community. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 13156.
OpenUrl
3.↵
1. Scappaticcio L,
2. Longo M,
3. Maiorino MI,
4. Pernice V,
5. Caruso P,
6. Esposito K, et al.
Abnormal liver blood tests in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 2021; 31: 884–894.
OpenUrl
4.↵
1. Kut A,
2. Kalli H,
3. Anil C,
4. Mousa U,
5. Gursoy A
. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of physicians towards TDs and iodine requirements in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38: 1057–1064.
OpenUrl
5.↵
1. Ai J,
2. Leonhardt JM,
3. Heymann WR
. Autoimmune thyroid diseases: etiology, pathogenesis, and dermatologic manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48: 641–659.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
6.↵
1. Beck-Peccoz P,
2. Rodari G,
3. Giavoli C,
4. Lania A
. Central hypothyroidism - a neglected thyroid disorder. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13: 588–598.
OpenUrl
7.↵
1. Ross DS,
2. Burch HB,
3. Cooper DS,
4. Greenlee MC,
5. Laurberg P,
6. Maia AL, et al.
2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1343–1421.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
8.↵
1. Sarwar N,
2. Gao P,
3. Seshasai SR,
4. Gobin R,
5. Kaptoge S,
6. Di Angelantonio E, et al.
Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375: 2215–2222.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science
9.↵
1. Chatzigeorgiou A,
2. Harokopos V,
3. Mylona-Karagianni C,
4. Tsouvalas E,
5. Aidinis V,
6. Kamper EF
. The pattern of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in type 1 diabetic patients over time. Ann Med 2010; 42: 426–438.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
10.↵
1. Hage M,
2. Zantout MS,
3. Azar ST
. TDs and diabetes mellitus. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011: 439463.
OpenUrl PubMed
11.↵
1. Jimoh AK,
2. Ghazali MS,
3. Ogundeji OA,
4. Adeleke BA,
5. Ajani OG,
6. Gabriel-Alayode EO, et al.
Spectrum of thyroid function test among type 2 diabetic patients attending a rural health facility, southwest Nigeria: a hospital-based study. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10: 20503121221097625.
OpenUrl
12.↵
1. Umpierrez GE,
2. Latif KA,
3. Murphy MB,
4. Lambeth HC,
5. Stentz F,
6. Bush A, et al.
Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1181–1185.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
13.↵
1. Lu MC,
2. Chang SC,
3. Huang KY,
4. Koo M,
5. Lai NS
. Higher risk of TDs in young patients with type 1 diabetes: a 12-year nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0152168.
OpenUrl PubMed
14.↵
1. Khan R,
2. Awadai A,
3. Alghorry N,
4. Albalawi H,
5. Alwadai I,
6. Alatawi M, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid disease among type 2 diabetic patients in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia. IAJPS 2019; 6: 2520–2524.
OpenUrl
15.↵
1. Hammadi SH,
2. Aljawi RS,
3. Alahdal SS,
4. Allahyani MM,
5. Jazzar NK,
6. Maqbol SM, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) in Makkah and Jeddah-KSA. Egypt J Hosp Med 2018; 70: 1312–1316.
OpenUrl
16.↵
1. Elmenshawi IM,
2. Alotaibi SS,
3. Alazmi AS,
4. Alazmi AM,
5. Alruwaili FR,
6. Alazmi NN, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord Control 2017; 4: 55–60.
OpenUrl
17.↵
1. Seo YG,
2. Choi HC,
3. An AR,
4. Park DJ,
5. Park YJ,
6. Lee KE, et al.
The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid cancer. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017: 5850879.
OpenUrl
18.↵
1. Fang Y,
2. Zhang X,
3. Xu H,
4. Smith-Warner SA,
5. Xu D,
6. Fang H, et al.
Cancer risk in Chinese diabetes patients: a retrospective cohort study based on management data. Endocr Connect 2018; 7: 1415–1423.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
19.↵
1. Kalra S,
2. Aggarwal S,
3. Khandelwal D
. Thyroid dysfunction and type 2 diabetes mellitus: screening strategies and implications for management. Diabetes Ther 2019; 10: 2035–2044.
OpenUrl PubMed
20.↵
1. Alqahtiani NM,
2. Alramadhan ZT,
3. obaid MRB,
4. Kurdi AN,
5. Alhelal AA,
6. Aljaafar FA, et al.
Hypothyroidism in Saudi Arabia; prevalence, risk factors, and its relation with diabetes mellitus. Arch Pharma Pract 2020; 11: 56–62.
OpenUrl
21.↵
1. Alqahtiani NM,
2. Alramadhan ZT,
3. bin Obaid MR,
4. Kurdi AN,
5. Alhelal AA,
6. Aljaafar FA, et al.
Hypothyroidism in Saudi Arabia; prevalence, risk factors, and its relation with diabetes mellitus. Arch Pharm Pract 2020; 11: 56–63.
OpenUrl
22.↵
1. Alqahtani SAM
. Prevalence and characteristics of thyroid abnormalities and its association with anemia in Asir region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Clin Pract 2021; 11: 494–504.
OpenUrl
23.↵
1. Rana H,
2. Mirah JA,
3. Al-Shahrani N,
4. Nouf A,
5. Afrah A,
6. Basma O, et al.
Incidence of thyroid diseases in female Saudi adults visiting a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh. Epidemiol Open Access 2017; 7: 286.
OpenUrl
24.↵
1. Palma CC,
2. Pavesi M,
3. Nogueira VG,
4. Clemente EL,
5. Vasconcellos Mde F,
6. Pereira LC Júnior, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5: 58.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
25.↵
1. Yadav A,
2. Yadav GAM,
3. Narsingrao KK,
4. Nanda Kumar LG,
5. Yadav GSN
. Prevalence of TDs among patients with diabetes in rural South India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15: 885–889.
OpenUrl
26.↵
1. Khassawneh AH,
2. Al-Mistarehi AH,
3. Zein Alaabdin AM,
4. Khasawneh L,
5. AlQuran TM,
6. Kheirallah KA, et al.
Prevalence and predictors of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13: 803–816.
OpenUrl
27.↵
1. Iwakura H,
2. Takagi T,
3. Inaba H,
4. Doi A,
5. Ueda Y,
6. Uraki S, et al.
Thyroid function, glycemic control, and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes over 24 months: prospective observational study. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23: 146.
OpenUrl
28.
1. Al-Geffari M,
2. Ahmad NA,
3. Al-Sharqawi AH,
4. Youssef AM,
5. Alnaqeb D,
6. Al-Rubeaan K
. Risk factors for thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients in a highly diabetes mellitus prevalent society. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013: 417920.
OpenUrl
29.↵
1. Jali MV,
2. Kambar S,
3. Jali SM,
4. Pawar N,
5. Nalawade P
. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11: S105–S108.
OpenUrl CrossRef
30.↵
1. Zhu Y,
2. Xu F,
3. Shen J,
4. Liu Y,
5. Bi C,
6. Liu J, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in older Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes - a multicenter cross-sectional observational study across China. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0216151.
OpenUrl
31.↵
1. Khassawneh AH,
2. Al-Mistarehi AH,
3. Zein Alaabdin AM,
4. Khasawneh L,
5. AlQuran TM,
6. Kheirallah KA, et al.
Prevalence and predictors of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13: 803–816.
OpenUrl
32.
1. Bjoro T,
2. Holmen J,
3. Krüger O,
4. Midthjell K,
5. Hunstad K,
6. Schreiner T, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid disease, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in a large, unselected population. The Health Study of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT). Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143: 639–647.
OpenUrl Abstract
33.↵
1. Rai S,
2. Sirohi S,
3. Khatri AK,
4. Dixit S,
5. Saroshe S
. Assessment of knowledge and awareness regarding TDs among women of a cosmopolitan city of central India. Natl J Community Med 2016; 7: 7–10.
OpenUrl

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Keywords

[1] 1.↵
Taylor PN,
Albrecht D,
Scholz A,
Gutierrez-Buey G,
Lazarus JH,
Dayan CM, et al.
Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14: 301–316.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[2] Taylor PN,

[3] Albrecht D,

[4] Scholz A,

[5] Gutierrez-Buey G,

[6] Lazarus JH,

[7] Dayan CM, et al.

[8] 2.↵
Diab N,
Daya NR,
Juraschek SP,
Martin SS,
McEvoy JW,
Schultheiß UT, et al.
Prevalence and risk factors of thyroid dysfunction in older adults in the community. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 13156.
OpenUrl

[9] Diab N,

[10] Daya NR,

[11] Juraschek SP,

[12] Martin SS,

[13] McEvoy JW,

[14] Schultheiß UT, et al.

[15] 3.↵
Scappaticcio L,
Longo M,
Maiorino MI,
Pernice V,
Caruso P,
Esposito K, et al.
Abnormal liver blood tests in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 2021; 31: 884–894.
OpenUrl

[16] Scappaticcio L,

[17] Longo M,

[18] Maiorino MI,

[19] Pernice V,

[20] Caruso P,

[21] Esposito K, et al.

[22] 4.↵
Kut A,
Kalli H,
Anil C,
Mousa U,
Gursoy A
. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of physicians towards TDs and iodine requirements in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38: 1057–1064.
OpenUrl

[23] Kut A,

[24] Kalli H,

[25] Anil C,

[26] Mousa U,

[27] Gursoy A

[28] 5.↵
Ai J,
Leonhardt JM,
Heymann WR
. Autoimmune thyroid diseases: etiology, pathogenesis, and dermatologic manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48: 641–659.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[29] Ai J,

[30] Leonhardt JM,

[31] Heymann WR

[32] 6.↵
Beck-Peccoz P,
Rodari G,
Giavoli C,
Lania A
. Central hypothyroidism - a neglected thyroid disorder. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13: 588–598.
OpenUrl

[33] Beck-Peccoz P,

[34] Rodari G,

[35] Giavoli C,

[36] Lania A

[37] 7.↵
Ross DS,
Burch HB,
Cooper DS,
Greenlee MC,
Laurberg P,
Maia AL, et al.
2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1343–1421.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[38] Ross DS,

[39] Burch HB,

[40] Cooper DS,

[41] Greenlee MC,

[42] Laurberg P,

[43] Maia AL, et al.

[44] 8.↵
Sarwar N,
Gao P,
Seshasai SR,
Gobin R,
Kaptoge S,
Di Angelantonio E, et al.
Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375: 2215–2222.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science

[45] Sarwar N,

[46] Gao P,

[47] Seshasai SR,

[48] Gobin R,

[49] Kaptoge S,

[50] Di Angelantonio E, et al.

[51] 9.↵
Chatzigeorgiou A,
Harokopos V,
Mylona-Karagianni C,
Tsouvalas E,
Aidinis V,
Kamper EF
. The pattern of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in type 1 diabetic patients over time. Ann Med 2010; 42: 426–438.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[52] Chatzigeorgiou A,

[53] Harokopos V,

[54] Mylona-Karagianni C,

[55] Tsouvalas E,

[56] Aidinis V,

[57] Kamper EF

[58] 10.↵
Hage M,
Zantout MS,
Azar ST
. TDs and diabetes mellitus. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011: 439463.
OpenUrl PubMed

[59] Hage M,

[60] Zantout MS,

[61] Azar ST

[62] 11.↵
Jimoh AK,
Ghazali MS,
Ogundeji OA,
Adeleke BA,
Ajani OG,
Gabriel-Alayode EO, et al.
Spectrum of thyroid function test among type 2 diabetic patients attending a rural health facility, southwest Nigeria: a hospital-based study. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10: 20503121221097625.
OpenUrl

[63] Jimoh AK,

[64] Ghazali MS,

[65] Ogundeji OA,

[66] Adeleke BA,

[67] Ajani OG,

[68] Gabriel-Alayode EO, et al.

[69] 12.↵
Umpierrez GE,
Latif KA,
Murphy MB,
Lambeth HC,
Stentz F,
Bush A, et al.
Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1181–1185.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[70] Umpierrez GE,

[71] Latif KA,

[72] Murphy MB,

[73] Lambeth HC,

[74] Stentz F,

[75] Bush A, et al.

[76] 13.↵
Lu MC,
Chang SC,
Huang KY,
Koo M,
Lai NS
. Higher risk of TDs in young patients with type 1 diabetes: a 12-year nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0152168.
OpenUrl PubMed

[77] Lu MC,

[78] Chang SC,

[79] Huang KY,

[80] Koo M,

[81] Lai NS

[82] 14.↵
Khan R,
Awadai A,
Alghorry N,
Albalawi H,
Alwadai I,
Alatawi M, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid disease among type 2 diabetic patients in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia. IAJPS 2019; 6: 2520–2524.
OpenUrl

[83] Khan R,

[84] Awadai A,

[85] Alghorry N,

[86] Albalawi H,

[87] Alwadai I,

[88] Alatawi M, et al.

[89] 15.↵
Hammadi SH,
Aljawi RS,
Alahdal SS,
Allahyani MM,
Jazzar NK,
Maqbol SM, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) in Makkah and Jeddah-KSA. Egypt J Hosp Med 2018; 70: 1312–1316.
OpenUrl

[90] Hammadi SH,

[91] Aljawi RS,

[92] Alahdal SS,

[93] Allahyani MM,

[94] Jazzar NK,

[95] Maqbol SM, et al.

[96] 16.↵
Elmenshawi IM,
Alotaibi SS,
Alazmi AS,
Alazmi AM,
Alruwaili FR,
Alazmi NN, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord Control 2017; 4: 55–60.
OpenUrl

[97] Elmenshawi IM,

[98] Alotaibi SS,

[99] Alazmi AS,

[100] Alazmi AM,

[101] Alruwaili FR,

[102] Alazmi NN, et al.

[103] 17.↵
Seo YG,
Choi HC,
An AR,
Park DJ,
Park YJ,
Lee KE, et al.
The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid cancer. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017: 5850879.
OpenUrl

[104] Seo YG,

[105] Choi HC,

[106] An AR,

[107] Park DJ,

[108] Park YJ,

[109] Lee KE, et al.

[110] 18.↵
Fang Y,
Zhang X,
Xu H,
Smith-Warner SA,
Xu D,
Fang H, et al.
Cancer risk in Chinese diabetes patients: a retrospective cohort study based on management data. Endocr Connect 2018; 7: 1415–1423.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[111] Fang Y,

[112] Zhang X,

[113] Xu H,

[114] Smith-Warner SA,

[115] Xu D,

[116] Fang H, et al.

[117] 19.↵
Kalra S,
Aggarwal S,
Khandelwal D
. Thyroid dysfunction and type 2 diabetes mellitus: screening strategies and implications for management. Diabetes Ther 2019; 10: 2035–2044.
OpenUrl PubMed

[118] Kalra S,

[119] Aggarwal S,

[120] Khandelwal D

[121] 20.↵
Alqahtiani NM,
Alramadhan ZT,
obaid MRB,
Kurdi AN,
Alhelal AA,
Aljaafar FA, et al.
Hypothyroidism in Saudi Arabia; prevalence, risk factors, and its relation with diabetes mellitus. Arch Pharma Pract 2020; 11: 56–62.
OpenUrl

[122] Alqahtiani NM,

[123] Alramadhan ZT,

[124] obaid MRB,

[125] Kurdi AN,

[126] Alhelal AA,

[127] Aljaafar FA, et al.

[128] 21.↵
Alqahtiani NM,
Alramadhan ZT,
bin Obaid MR,
Kurdi AN,
Alhelal AA,
Aljaafar FA, et al.
Hypothyroidism in Saudi Arabia; prevalence, risk factors, and its relation with diabetes mellitus. Arch Pharm Pract 2020; 11: 56–63.
OpenUrl

[129] Alqahtiani NM,

[130] Alramadhan ZT,

[131] bin Obaid MR,

[132] Kurdi AN,

[133] Alhelal AA,

[134] Aljaafar FA, et al.

[135] 22.↵
Alqahtani SAM
. Prevalence and characteristics of thyroid abnormalities and its association with anemia in Asir region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Clin Pract 2021; 11: 494–504.
OpenUrl

[136] Alqahtani SAM

[137] 23.↵
Rana H,
Mirah JA,
Al-Shahrani N,
Nouf A,
Afrah A,
Basma O, et al.
Incidence of thyroid diseases in female Saudi adults visiting a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh. Epidemiol Open Access 2017; 7: 286.
OpenUrl

[138] Rana H,

[139] Mirah JA,

[140] Al-Shahrani N,

[141] Nouf A,

[142] Afrah A,

[143] Basma O, et al.

[144] 24.↵
Palma CC,
Pavesi M,
Nogueira VG,
Clemente EL,
Vasconcellos Mde F,
Pereira LC Júnior, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5: 58.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[145] Palma CC,

[146] Pavesi M,

[147] Nogueira VG,

[148] Clemente EL,

[149] Vasconcellos Mde F,

[150] Pereira LC Júnior, et al.

[151] 25.↵
Yadav A,
Yadav GAM,
Narsingrao KK,
Nanda Kumar LG,
Yadav GSN
. Prevalence of TDs among patients with diabetes in rural South India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15: 885–889.
OpenUrl

[152] Yadav A,

[153] Yadav GAM,

[154] Narsingrao KK,

[155] Nanda Kumar LG,

[156] Yadav GSN

[157] 26.↵
Khassawneh AH,
Al-Mistarehi AH,
Zein Alaabdin AM,
Khasawneh L,
AlQuran TM,
Kheirallah KA, et al.
Prevalence and predictors of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13: 803–816.
OpenUrl

[158] Khassawneh AH,

[159] Al-Mistarehi AH,

[160] Zein Alaabdin AM,

[161] Khasawneh L,

[162] AlQuran TM,

[163] Kheirallah KA, et al.

[164] 27.↵
Iwakura H,
Takagi T,
Inaba H,
Doi A,
Ueda Y,
Uraki S, et al.
Thyroid function, glycemic control, and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes over 24 months: prospective observational study. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23: 146.
OpenUrl

[165] Iwakura H,

[166] Takagi T,

[167] Inaba H,

[168] Doi A,

[169] Ueda Y,

[170] Uraki S, et al.

[171] 28.
Al-Geffari M,
Ahmad NA,
Al-Sharqawi AH,
Youssef AM,
Alnaqeb D,
Al-Rubeaan K
. Risk factors for thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients in a highly diabetes mellitus prevalent society. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013: 417920.
OpenUrl

[172] Al-Geffari M,

[173] Ahmad NA,

[174] Al-Sharqawi AH,

[175] Youssef AM,

[176] Alnaqeb D,

[177] Al-Rubeaan K

[178] 29.↵
Jali MV,
Kambar S,
Jali SM,
Pawar N,
Nalawade P
. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11: S105–S108.
OpenUrl CrossRef

[179] Jali MV,

[180] Kambar S,

[181] Jali SM,

[182] Pawar N,

[183] Nalawade P

[184] 30.↵
Zhu Y,
Xu F,
Shen J,
Liu Y,
Bi C,
Liu J, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in older Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes - a multicenter cross-sectional observational study across China. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0216151.
OpenUrl

[185] Zhu Y,

[186] Xu F,

[187] Shen J,

[188] Liu Y,

[189] Bi C,

[190] Liu J, et al.

[191] 31.↵
Khassawneh AH,
Al-Mistarehi AH,
Zein Alaabdin AM,
Khasawneh L,
AlQuran TM,
Kheirallah KA, et al.
Prevalence and predictors of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13: 803–816.
OpenUrl

[192] Khassawneh AH,

[193] Al-Mistarehi AH,

[194] Zein Alaabdin AM,

[195] Khasawneh L,

[196] AlQuran TM,

[197] Kheirallah KA, et al.

[198] 32.
Bjoro T,
Holmen J,
Krüger O,
Midthjell K,
Hunstad K,
Schreiner T, et al.
Prevalence of thyroid disease, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in a large, unselected population. The Health Study of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT). Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143: 639–647.
OpenUrl Abstract

[199] Bjoro T,

[200] Holmen J,

[201] Krüger O,

[202] Midthjell K,

[203] Hunstad K,

[204] Schreiner T, et al.

[205] 33.↵
Rai S,
Sirohi S,
Khatri AK,
Dixit S,
Saroshe S
. Assessment of knowledge and awareness regarding TDs among women of a cosmopolitan city of central India. Natl J Community Med 2016; 7: 7–10.
OpenUrl

[206] Rai S,

[207] Sirohi S,

[208] Khatri AK,

[209] Dixit S,

[210] Saroshe S

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