Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Serological markers of transfusion transmissible infections and ABO blood groups in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Ahmad A. Alshehri, Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola, Mohammed Merae Alshahrani, Khaja Shameem Mohammed Abdul, Saeed Ahmed Asiri, Banan F. Aboluluy, Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh, Abdulaziz Hassan Alhasaniah, Ibrahim Abdullah Almazni, Saleh A. Alshamrani, Abdullah J. Alshahrani, Ahmad M. Saif, Osman AE. Elnoubi, Abdulrahim R. Hakami, Abdulrazzag Abdulaziz Othman and Mansor H. Almohi
Saudi Medical Journal July 2024, 45 (7) 667-674; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2024.45.7.20240338

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    - A flowchart showing the study design with participant selection criteria.

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    - Age groups versus markers of transfusion transmissible infections (TTI) from positive subjects. Comparison of different age groups yielded different statistical results for (A) Anti-hepatitis B core (anti-HBc): ≤20 versus 21-30 (p=0.14), 21-30 versus 31-40 (p<0.001), 31-40 versus 41-50 (p<0.001), 41-50 versus 51-60 (p<0.009), 51-60 versus 61-70 (p=0.76), 21-30 versus 41-50 (p<0.001) (B) Anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV): ≤20 versus 21-30 (p=0.86), 21-30 versus 31-40 (p=0.92), 31-40 versus 41-50 (p=0.83), 41-50 versus 51-60 (p=0.08), 31-40 versus 51-60 (p=0.06), 21-30 versus 51-60 (p=0.03), ≤20 versus 51-60 (p=0.15) (C) Anti-human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (Anti-HIV-I/II p24): ≤20 versus 21-30 (p=0.12), ≤20versus 31-40 (p=0.16), 31-40 versus 51-60 (p=0.16), ≤20 versus 51-60 (p=0.77) (D) Anti-human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (Anti-HTLV-I/II): ≤20 versus 21-30 (p=0.86), 21-30 versus 31-40 (p=0.45), 31-40 versus 41-50 (p=0.46) and (E) Rapid plasma reagin (RPR): ≤20 versus 21-30 (p=0.79), ≤20 versus 31-40 (p=0.37), 41-50 versus 51-60 (p=0.61), 31-40 versus 51-60 (p=0.19).

  • Figure 3
    Figure 3

    - Nationality versus serological markers of transfusion transmissible infections (TTI) from positive subjects. Comparison of Saudi and non-Saudi participants yielded different statistical results for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (p>0.05), anti-hepatitis B core (anti-HBc) (p<0.001), anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) (p>0.05), Anti-human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (Anti-HIV-I/II p24) (p>0.05), Anti-human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (anti-HTLV-I/II) (p>0.05), and rapid plasma reagin (PRP) (p>0.05).

  • Figure 4
    Figure 4

    - All blood groups versus serological markers of transfusion transmissible infections (TTI) from positive subjects. Comparison of different blood groups yielded different statistical results for (A) anti-hepatitis B core (anti-HBc): A+ve versus A-ve (p=0.55), B+ve versus B-ve (p=0.25), AB+ve versus AB-ve (p=0.67), O+ve versus O-ve (p<0.004) (B) Anti-hepatitis C virus (Anti-HCV): A+ve versus A-ve (p=0.14), A-ve versus B+ve (p=0.01), O+ve versus O-ve (p=0.57) (C) Anti-human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (Anti-HIV-I/II p24): B+ve versus O+ve (p=0.20), O+ve versus O-ve (p=0.003), B+ve versus O-ve (p>0.05) (D) Anti-human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (Anti-HTLV-I/II): A+ve versus A-ve (p=0.57), AB+ versus O+ve (p=0.39) and (E) Rapid plasma reagin (PRP): B+ve versus O+ve (p=0.57), and O+ve versus O-ve (p=0.87).

Tables

  • Table 1

    - Characteristics of subjects within this study.

    Demographic characteristics of subjects
    Demographic characteristicsn(%)
    Age
    ≤ 20 years old2496.0
    21-30 years old166340.3
    31-40 years old141834.4
    41-50years old61314.8
    51-60 years old1664.0
    61-70 years old110.3
    Gender
    Male406798.7
    Female531.3
    Nationality
    Saudi292270.9
    Non-Saudi119829.1
    Totaln= 4120100 %
    Prevalence of serological markers of TTI among study subjects
    Serological Marker
    HBsAg290.70
    Anti-HBc3668.88
    Anti-HCV230.56
    Anti-HIV-I/II p2440.10
    Anti-HTLV-I/II160.39
    RPR110.27
    Prevalence of multiple markers of TTI among seropositive samples
    Co-infection pattern
    Anti-HBc + Anti-HCV30.07
    Anti-HBc + Anti-HTLV-I/II30.07
    Anti-HBc + RPR50.12
    Anti-HCV + Anti-HIV-I/II p2410.02
    Positivity rate of all conventional TTI markers with respectiveABO/Rh blood groups*
    ABO/RhSeropositive samples, n (%)
    AB+107 (2.6)18 (16.8)
    A+1105 (26.8)122 (11.0)
    B+409 (9.9)39 (9.5)
    O+2063 (50.1)239 (11.6)
    AB-10 (0.2)1 (10.0)
    A-120 (2.9)12 (10.0)
    B-37 (0.9)1 (2.7)
    O-269 (6.5)16 (5.9)
    Total4120 (100)448 (10.9)

    TTI: transfusion transmissible infection, HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, Anti-HBc: anti-hepatitis B core, Anti-HCV: anti-hepatitis C virus, Anti-HIV-I/II: anti-human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, Anti-HTLV-I/II: anti-human T-lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2, RPR rapid plasma reagin test for syphilis antigen.

    • ↵* One sample positive for a TTI marker (anti-HTLV-I/II) did not have the blood group record and was thus excluded from the analysis of TTI markers based on blood groups.

  • Table 2

    - Association between transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) markers positivity and different age and ABO groups.

    TTI markersP-value
    Association with age groups
    HBsAg0.19
    Anti-HBc0.34
    Anti-HCV0.002
    Anti-HIV0.40
    Anti-HTLV0.004
    RPR0.02
    Association with ABO group
    HBsAg0.01
    Anti-HBc0.001
    Anti-HCV<0.001
    Anti-HIV0.15
    Anti-HTLV0.09
    RPR0.06

    HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, Anti-HBc: Anti-hepatitis B core, Anti-HCV: Anti-hepatitis C virus, Anti-HIV: anti-human immunodeficiency virus, Anti-HTLV: anti-human T-lymphotropic virus, RPR: rapid plasma reagin test for syphilis antigen

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