Comparative analysis of nutritional quality and microbial contamination in camel milk: Evaluating safety and public health risks between camel milk obtained from street vendors and farms in Saudi Arabia

Nisreen M. Abdulsalam; Ebtehal M. Alghamdi

doi:10.15537/smj.2024.45.9.20240387

References

1.↵
1. Aqib AI,
2. Kulyar MF,
3. Ashfaq K,
4. Bhutta ZA,
5. Shoaib M,
6. Ahmed R
. Camel milk insuline: pathophysiological and molecular repository. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019; 88: 497-504.
OpenUrl
2.↵
1. Alhadrami G,
2. Faye B
. Camel. In: agricultural research for development. [Updated 2022; accessed 2023 May 11]. Available from: https://agritrop.cirad.fr/600789/
3.↵
1. Hammam AR
. Compositional and therapeutic properties of camel milk: a review. [Updated 2019; accessed 2021 February 19]. Available from: https://ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/1919
4.↵
1. Geresu MA,
2. Abera Leliso S,
3. Liben GW
. Camel mastitis: prevalence, risk factors, and isolation of major bacterial pathogens in Gomole District of Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021: 9993571.
OpenUrl
5.
1. Dhahir N,
2. Feugang J,
3. Witrick K,
4. Park S,
5. AbuGhazaleh A
. Impact of ultrasound processing on some milk-borne microorganisms and the components of camel milk. [Updated 2020; accessed 2021 February 11]. Available from: https://ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/2088
6.↵
1. Ho TM,
2. Zou Z,
3. Bansal N
. Camel milk: a review of its nutritional value, heat stability, and potential food products. Food Res Int 2022; 153: 110870.
OpenUrl
7.↵
1. Sumaira AM,
2. Solangi GA,
3. Anwar I,
4. Kalwar Q
. Composition and beneficial impact of camel milk on human health. [Updated 2020; accessed 2021 May 5]. Available from: https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Composition-and-Beneficia-Impact-of-Camel/26/8/3238/html
8.↵
1. Rahmeh R,
2. Alomirah H,
3. Akbar A,
4. Sidhu J
. Composition and properties of camel milk. [Updated 2019; accessed 2021 January 20]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64764
9.↵
1. Swelum AA,
2. El-Saadony MT,
3. Abdo M,
4. Ombarak RA,
5. Hussein EOS,
6. Suliman G, et al.
Nutritional, antimicrobial and medicinal properties of camel’s milk: a review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28: 3126-3136.
OpenUrl
10.↵
1. Rahmeh R,
2. Akbar A,
3. Alomirah H,
4. Kishk M,
5. Al-Ateeqi A,
6. Al-Milhm S, et al.
Camel milk microbiota: a culture-independent assessment. Food Res Int 2022; 159: 111629.
OpenUrl
11.↵
1. Alaoui Ismaili M,
2. Saidi B,
3. Zahar M,
4. Hamama A,
5. Ezzaier R
. Composition and microbial quality of raw camel milk produced in Morocco. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 2019; 18: 17-21.
OpenUrl
12.↵
1. Amrouche T,
2. Mounier J,
3. Pawtowski A,
4. Thomas F,
5. Picot A
. Microbiota associated with dromedary camel milk from Algerian Sahara. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77: 24-31.
OpenUrl
13.↵
1. Rezaei N,
2. Rezaei A,
3. Shahmoradi S,
4. Bashtin A
. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pastry cream in Hamadan, Iran. J Health Rep Technol 2019; 5: e87103.
OpenUrl
14.↵
1. Sahel N,
2. Chougrani F,
3. Cheriguene A,
4. Hamani Z
. Microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics of camel milk from Southwestern Algeria. Pakistan J Agri Res 2023; 36: 377-388.
OpenUrl
15.↵
1. Korejo RA,
2. Shah AH,
3. Khaskheli GB,
4. Rajput MN,
5. Korejo NA,
6. Kalwar Q, et al.
Quality characteristics and sensory evaluation of market camel milk collected from Hyderabad, Pakistan. J Anim Health Prod 2021; 9: 455-462.
OpenUrl
16.↵
1. Ncube TN,
2. Malaba L,
3. Greiner T,
4. Gebre-Medhin M
. Evidence of grave vitamin A deficiency among lactating women in the semi-arid rural area of Makhaza in Zimbabwe. A population-based study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 229-234.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
17.↵
1. Shen W,
2. Xuan Z,
3. Liu H,
4. Huang K,
5. Guan X,
6. Guo B
. A magnetic beads-based sandwich chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for the rapid and automatic detection of lactoferrin in milk. Foods 2024; 13: 953.
OpenUrl
18.↵
1. Berhe G,
2. Wasihun AG,
3. Kassaye E,
4. Gebreselasie K
. Milk-borne bacterial health hazards in milk produced for commercial purpose in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20: 894.
OpenUrl
19.↵
1. Azwai SM,
2. Lawila AF,
3. Eshamah HL,
4. Sherif JA,
5. Farag SA,
6. Naas HT, et al.
Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from some dairy products in Libya as a foodborne pathogen. Vet World 2024; 17: 1168-1176.
OpenUrl
20.↵
1. Meshref A,
2. Hassan G,
3. Riad E,
4. Ashour W
. Studies on enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in milk and some dairy products. Assiut Vet Med J 2019; 65: 87-97.
OpenUrl
21.↵
1. Deka RP,
2. Das NK,
3. Sharma PK,
4. Bayan B,
5. Gogoi A,
6. Lindahl JF, et al.
Standard laboratory protocol on testing milk samples for quality and safety. [Updated 2020; accessed 2022 January 20]. Available from: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1016458f-0d65-46eb-84d4-10e06c054388/content
22.↵
1. Azooz MF,
2. El-Wakeel SA,
3. Yousef HM
. Risk factor analysis of Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, standard plate count and somatic cell count in bulk tank milk in cattle dairies. World Vet J 2020; 10: 338-361.
OpenUrl
23.↵
1. Dogondaji RA,
2. Lawal M,
3. Wasagu RSU,
4. Yakubu A,
5. Umar S
. Microbial assessment of raw milk of some female camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sokoto, Nigeria. PSM Microbiology 2023; 8: 1-8.
OpenUrl
24.↵
1. El-Hanafy AA,
2. Saad YM,
3. Alkarim SA,
4. Almehdar HA,
5. Alzahrani FM,
6. Almatry MA, et al.
Yield and composition variations of the milk from different camel breeds in Saudi Arabia. Sci 2023; 5: 2.
OpenUrl
25.↵
1. Mohamed MEM,
2. El Zubeir IEM
. Effect of parity orders on the chemical composition of camel milk from different production system in Khartoum State, Sudan. Biotech Res Biochem 2020; 3: 006.
OpenUrl
26.↵
1. Abdelhak M,
2. Mohamed H,
3. Alina PB,
4. Imed S,
5. Mohamed D,
6. Abdelhafid HM
. Comparative study of the physicochemical characteristics of milk collected from camels (Camelus dromedarius) carried out in 2 breeding systems (extensive and semi-intensive). [Updated 2023; accessed 2022 March 1]. Available from: https://www.nrsdj.com/issues-year-2023-2/comparative-study-of-the-physicochemical-characteristics-of-milk-collected-from-camels-camelus-dromedarius-conducted-in-two-breeding-systems-extensive-and-semi-intensive.html
27.↵
1. Ogolla JA,
2. Kulig B,
3. Bădulescu L,
4. Okoth MW,
5. Esper G,
6. Breitenbach J, et al.
Influence of inlet drying air temperature and milk flow rate on the physical, optical and thermal properties of spray-dried camel milk powders. Food Bioproc Tech 2019; 12: 751-768.
OpenUrl
28.↵
1. Chethouna F,
2. Boudjenah SH,
3. Nadia B
. Comparative study of the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of raw and pasteurized camel milk. [Updated 2022; 2022 March 1]. Available from: https://ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/2942
29.↵
1. Bouhaddaoui S,
2. Chabir R,
3. Errachidi F,
4. El Ghadraoui L,
5. El Khalfi B,
6. Benjelloun M, et al.
Study of the biochemical biodiversity of camel milk. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019: 2517293.
OpenUrl
30.↵
1. Seifu E
. Recent advances on camel milk: nutritional and health benefits and processing implications - a review. AIMS Agriculture and Food 2022; 7: 777-804.
OpenUrl
31.↵
1. Benmeziane-Derradji F
. Evaluation of camel milk: gross composition-a scientific overview. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53: 308.
OpenUrl
32.↵
1. Faraz A
. Composition of camel milk: a blessing for health. Ann Public Health Epidemiol 2020; 1: 1-4.
OpenUrl
33.↵
1. Zahran K,
2. Mounir N,
3. Tabarek J
. Compositional aspects and bacteriological quality of camel milk from Tunisian oasis. [Updated 2021; 2022 March 1]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1098990/v1
34.↵
1. Hendy SA,
2. Gamal El Din AH,
3. Abdel Fatah EA,
4. Salama WM,
5. Mostafa HED,
6. Azab RM, et al.
Evaluation of the efficacy of camel milk lactoferrin nanoliposome against colorectal cancer. JPFS 2023; 1: 43-55.
OpenUrl
35.↵
1. AL-Moosawi ZH,
2. Alqayim MA
. Effect of breed, parity, and lactation on colostrum and milk lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A levels in ewes. [Updated 2023; accessed 2024 January 7]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zahraa_Almoosawi/publication/364324688_Effect_of_breed_parity_and_lactation_on_colostrum_and_milk_lactoferrin_and_immunoglobulin_A_levels_in_ewes/links/63486179ff870c55ce216eab/Effect-of-breed-parity-and-lactation-on-colostrum-and-milk-lactoferrin-and-immunoglobulin-A-levels-in-ewes.pdf

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Keywords

[1] 1.↵
Aqib AI,
Kulyar MF,
Ashfaq K,
Bhutta ZA,
Shoaib M,
Ahmed R
. Camel milk insuline: pathophysiological and molecular repository. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019; 88: 497-504.
OpenUrl

[2] Aqib AI,

[3] Kulyar MF,

[4] Ashfaq K,

[5] Bhutta ZA,

[6] Shoaib M,

[7] Ahmed R

[8] 2.↵
Alhadrami G,
Faye B
. Camel. In: agricultural research for development. [Updated 2022; accessed 2023 May 11]. Available from: https://agritrop.cirad.fr/600789/

[9] Alhadrami G,

[10] Faye B

[11] 3.↵
Hammam AR
. Compositional and therapeutic properties of camel milk: a review. [Updated 2019; accessed 2021 February 19]. Available from: https://ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/1919

[12] Hammam AR

[13] 4.↵
Geresu MA,
Abera Leliso S,
Liben GW
. Camel mastitis: prevalence, risk factors, and isolation of major bacterial pathogens in Gomole District of Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021: 9993571.
OpenUrl

[14] Geresu MA,

[15] Abera Leliso S,

[16] Liben GW

[17] 5.
Dhahir N,
Feugang J,
Witrick K,
Park S,
AbuGhazaleh A
. Impact of ultrasound processing on some milk-borne microorganisms and the components of camel milk. [Updated 2020; accessed 2021 February 11]. Available from: https://ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/2088

[18] Dhahir N,

[19] Feugang J,

[20] Witrick K,

[21] Park S,

[22] AbuGhazaleh A

[23] 6.↵
Ho TM,
Zou Z,
Bansal N
. Camel milk: a review of its nutritional value, heat stability, and potential food products. Food Res Int 2022; 153: 110870.
OpenUrl

[24] Ho TM,

[25] Zou Z,

[26] Bansal N

[27] 7.↵
Sumaira AM,
Solangi GA,
Anwar I,
Kalwar Q
. Composition and beneficial impact of camel milk on human health. [Updated 2020; accessed 2021 May 5]. Available from: https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Composition-and-Beneficia-Impact-of-Camel/26/8/3238/html

[28] Sumaira AM,

[29] Solangi GA,

[30] Anwar I,

[31] Kalwar Q

[32] 8.↵
Rahmeh R,
Alomirah H,
Akbar A,
Sidhu J
. Composition and properties of camel milk. [Updated 2019; accessed 2021 January 20]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64764

[33] Rahmeh R,

[34] Alomirah H,

[35] Akbar A,

[36] Sidhu J

[37] 9.↵
Swelum AA,
El-Saadony MT,
Abdo M,
Ombarak RA,
Hussein EOS,
Suliman G, et al.
Nutritional, antimicrobial and medicinal properties of camel’s milk: a review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28: 3126-3136.
OpenUrl

[38] Swelum AA,

[39] El-Saadony MT,

[40] Abdo M,

[41] Ombarak RA,

[42] Hussein EOS,

[43] Suliman G, et al.

[44] 10.↵
Rahmeh R,
Akbar A,
Alomirah H,
Kishk M,
Al-Ateeqi A,
Al-Milhm S, et al.
Camel milk microbiota: a culture-independent assessment. Food Res Int 2022; 159: 111629.
OpenUrl

[45] Rahmeh R,

[46] Akbar A,

[47] Alomirah H,

[48] Kishk M,

[49] Al-Ateeqi A,

[50] Al-Milhm S, et al.

[51] 11.↵
Alaoui Ismaili M,
Saidi B,
Zahar M,
Hamama A,
Ezzaier R
. Composition and microbial quality of raw camel milk produced in Morocco. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 2019; 18: 17-21.
OpenUrl

[52] Alaoui Ismaili M,

[53] Saidi B,

[54] Zahar M,

[55] Hamama A,

[56] Ezzaier R

[57] 12.↵
Amrouche T,
Mounier J,
Pawtowski A,
Thomas F,
Picot A
. Microbiota associated with dromedary camel milk from Algerian Sahara. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77: 24-31.
OpenUrl

[58] Amrouche T,

[59] Mounier J,

[60] Pawtowski A,

[61] Thomas F,

[62] Picot A

[63] 13.↵
Rezaei N,
Rezaei A,
Shahmoradi S,
Bashtin A
. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pastry cream in Hamadan, Iran. J Health Rep Technol 2019; 5: e87103.
OpenUrl

[64] Rezaei N,

[65] Rezaei A,

[66] Shahmoradi S,

[67] Bashtin A

[68] 14.↵
Sahel N,
Chougrani F,
Cheriguene A,
Hamani Z
. Microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics of camel milk from Southwestern Algeria. Pakistan J Agri Res 2023; 36: 377-388.
OpenUrl

[69] Sahel N,

[70] Chougrani F,

[71] Cheriguene A,

[72] Hamani Z

[73] 15.↵
Korejo RA,
Shah AH,
Khaskheli GB,
Rajput MN,
Korejo NA,
Kalwar Q, et al.
Quality characteristics and sensory evaluation of market camel milk collected from Hyderabad, Pakistan. J Anim Health Prod 2021; 9: 455-462.
OpenUrl

[74] Korejo RA,

[75] Shah AH,

[76] Khaskheli GB,

[77] Rajput MN,

[78] Korejo NA,

[79] Kalwar Q, et al.

[80] 16.↵
Ncube TN,
Malaba L,
Greiner T,
Gebre-Medhin M
. Evidence of grave vitamin A deficiency among lactating women in the semi-arid rural area of Makhaza in Zimbabwe. A population-based study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 229-234.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[81] Ncube TN,

[82] Malaba L,

[83] Greiner T,

[84] Gebre-Medhin M

[85] 17.↵
Shen W,
Xuan Z,
Liu H,
Huang K,
Guan X,
Guo B
. A magnetic beads-based sandwich chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for the rapid and automatic detection of lactoferrin in milk. Foods 2024; 13: 953.
OpenUrl

[86] Shen W,

[87] Xuan Z,

[88] Liu H,

[89] Huang K,

[90] Guan X,

[91] Guo B

[92] 18.↵
Berhe G,
Wasihun AG,
Kassaye E,
Gebreselasie K
. Milk-borne bacterial health hazards in milk produced for commercial purpose in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20: 894.
OpenUrl

[93] Berhe G,

[94] Wasihun AG,

[95] Kassaye E,

[96] Gebreselasie K

[97] 19.↵
Azwai SM,
Lawila AF,
Eshamah HL,
Sherif JA,
Farag SA,
Naas HT, et al.
Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from some dairy products in Libya as a foodborne pathogen. Vet World 2024; 17: 1168-1176.
OpenUrl

[98] Azwai SM,

[99] Lawila AF,

[100] Eshamah HL,

[101] Sherif JA,

[102] Farag SA,

[103] Naas HT, et al.

[104] 20.↵
Meshref A,
Hassan G,
Riad E,
Ashour W
. Studies on enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in milk and some dairy products. Assiut Vet Med J 2019; 65: 87-97.
OpenUrl

[105] Meshref A,

[106] Hassan G,

[107] Riad E,

[108] Ashour W

[109] 21.↵
Deka RP,
Das NK,
Sharma PK,
Bayan B,
Gogoi A,
Lindahl JF, et al.
Standard laboratory protocol on testing milk samples for quality and safety. [Updated 2020; accessed 2022 January 20]. Available from: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1016458f-0d65-46eb-84d4-10e06c054388/content

[110] Deka RP,

[111] Das NK,

[112] Sharma PK,

[113] Bayan B,

[114] Gogoi A,

[115] Lindahl JF, et al.

[116] 22.↵
Azooz MF,
El-Wakeel SA,
Yousef HM
. Risk factor analysis of Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, standard plate count and somatic cell count in bulk tank milk in cattle dairies. World Vet J 2020; 10: 338-361.
OpenUrl

[117] Azooz MF,

[118] El-Wakeel SA,

[119] Yousef HM

[120] 23.↵
Dogondaji RA,
Lawal M,
Wasagu RSU,
Yakubu A,
Umar S
. Microbial assessment of raw milk of some female camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sokoto, Nigeria. PSM Microbiology 2023; 8: 1-8.
OpenUrl

[121] Dogondaji RA,

[122] Lawal M,

[123] Wasagu RSU,

[124] Yakubu A,

[125] Umar S

[126] 24.↵
El-Hanafy AA,
Saad YM,
Alkarim SA,
Almehdar HA,
Alzahrani FM,
Almatry MA, et al.
Yield and composition variations of the milk from different camel breeds in Saudi Arabia. Sci 2023; 5: 2.
OpenUrl

[127] El-Hanafy AA,

[128] Saad YM,

[129] Alkarim SA,

[130] Almehdar HA,

[131] Alzahrani FM,

[132] Almatry MA, et al.

[133] 25.↵
Mohamed MEM,
El Zubeir IEM
. Effect of parity orders on the chemical composition of camel milk from different production system in Khartoum State, Sudan. Biotech Res Biochem 2020; 3: 006.
OpenUrl

[134] Mohamed MEM,

[135] El Zubeir IEM

[136] 26.↵
Abdelhak M,
Mohamed H,
Alina PB,
Imed S,
Mohamed D,
Abdelhafid HM
. Comparative study of the physicochemical characteristics of milk collected from camels (Camelus dromedarius) carried out in 2 breeding systems (extensive and semi-intensive). [Updated 2023; accessed 2022 March 1]. Available from: https://www.nrsdj.com/issues-year-2023-2/comparative-study-of-the-physicochemical-characteristics-of-milk-collected-from-camels-camelus-dromedarius-conducted-in-two-breeding-systems-extensive-and-semi-intensive.html

[137] Abdelhak M,

[138] Mohamed H,

[139] Alina PB,

[140] Imed S,

[141] Mohamed D,

[142] Abdelhafid HM

[143] 27.↵
Ogolla JA,
Kulig B,
Bădulescu L,
Okoth MW,
Esper G,
Breitenbach J, et al.
Influence of inlet drying air temperature and milk flow rate on the physical, optical and thermal properties of spray-dried camel milk powders. Food Bioproc Tech 2019; 12: 751-768.
OpenUrl

[144] Ogolla JA,

[145] Kulig B,

[146] Bădulescu L,

[147] Okoth MW,

[148] Esper G,

[149] Breitenbach J, et al.

[150] 28.↵
Chethouna F,
Boudjenah SH,
Nadia B
. Comparative study of the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of raw and pasteurized camel milk. [Updated 2022; 2022 March 1]. Available from: https://ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/2942

[151] Chethouna F,

[152] Boudjenah SH,

[153] Nadia B

[154] 29.↵
Bouhaddaoui S,
Chabir R,
Errachidi F,
El Ghadraoui L,
El Khalfi B,
Benjelloun M, et al.
Study of the biochemical biodiversity of camel milk. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019: 2517293.
OpenUrl

[155] Bouhaddaoui S,

[156] Chabir R,

[157] Errachidi F,

[158] El Ghadraoui L,

[159] El Khalfi B,

[160] Benjelloun M, et al.

[161] 30.↵
Seifu E
. Recent advances on camel milk: nutritional and health benefits and processing implications - a review. AIMS Agriculture and Food 2022; 7: 777-804.
OpenUrl

[162] Seifu E

[163] 31.↵
Benmeziane-Derradji F
. Evaluation of camel milk: gross composition-a scientific overview. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53: 308.
OpenUrl

[164] Benmeziane-Derradji F

[165] 32.↵
Faraz A
. Composition of camel milk: a blessing for health. Ann Public Health Epidemiol 2020; 1: 1-4.
OpenUrl

[166] Faraz A

[167] 33.↵
Zahran K,
Mounir N,
Tabarek J
. Compositional aspects and bacteriological quality of camel milk from Tunisian oasis. [Updated 2021; 2022 March 1]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1098990/v1

[168] Zahran K,

[169] Mounir N,

[170] Tabarek J

[171] 34.↵
Hendy SA,
Gamal El Din AH,
Abdel Fatah EA,
Salama WM,
Mostafa HED,
Azab RM, et al.
Evaluation of the efficacy of camel milk lactoferrin nanoliposome against colorectal cancer. JPFS 2023; 1: 43-55.
OpenUrl

[172] Hendy SA,

[173] Gamal El Din AH,

[174] Abdel Fatah EA,

[175] Salama WM,

[176] Mostafa HED,

[177] Azab RM, et al.

[178] 35.↵
AL-Moosawi ZH,
Alqayim MA
. Effect of breed, parity, and lactation on colostrum and milk lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A levels in ewes. [Updated 2023; accessed 2024 January 7]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zahraa_Almoosawi/publication/364324688_Effect_of_breed_parity_and_lactation_on_colostrum_and_milk_lactoferrin_and_immunoglobulin_A_levels_in_ewes/links/63486179ff870c55ce216eab/Effect-of-breed-parity-and-lactation-on-colostrum-and-milk-lactoferrin-and-immunoglobulin-A-levels-in-ewes.pdf

[179] AL-Moosawi ZH,

[180] Alqayim MA

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Evaluating safety and public health risks between camel milk obtained from street vendors and farms in Saudi Arabia

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Comparative analysis of nutritional quality and microbial contamination in camel milk

Evaluating safety and public health risks between camel milk obtained from street vendors and farms in Saudi Arabia

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