Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the radiation metrics from frequently carried out vascular and interventional radiology (VIR) procedures at a tertiary care institution and compare them to international diagnostic reference levels (DRLs).
Methods: A retrospective study of the radiation metrics of VIR-procedures carried out from January 2015 to December 2019. The collected data included age, gender, height and weight, reference point air kerma (mGy), dose area product (DAP; Gy.cm2), and fluoroscopy time (min.) The body mass index (BMI) and peak skin dose were calculated. The study cohort included 8942 adult patients (54.4% male, 45.6% female) with a mean age of 56.96 years and mean BMI of 26.86.
Results: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation recorded the highest mean fluoroscopy time of 69.41 min., followed by central venous recanalization 39.67min. TIPS creation had the highest mean DAP (1161.16 Gy.cm2), followed by trans arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) (500.63Gy.cm2). TIPS creation was associated with the highest peak skin dose (2766.81mGy), followed by TACE (1588.29mGy). Compared to other studies, TIPS creation and TACE are associated with significantly higher DAP.
Conclusion: Majority of VIR-procedures demonstrate no significant institutional variations in dosimetry compared to other studies. Using these studied values as reference levels may help identifying procedures that need quality control to minimize unnecessary exposures.
Fluoroscopy is increasingly used to guide minimally invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. This exposure to ionizing radiation has inherent potential deterministic or stochastic effects on patients and operators.1 Dose optimization can be met effectively by the concept of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs), which was introduced by the International Commission for Radiation Protection (ICRP) as practice guidelines and advised to identify these values in each country or region.2 It has been mandatory since 1997 in the European Union, in addition to the new European directive for 2013/59/Euratom.3 Diagnostic reference level is defined as radiation dose levels for typical X-ray examinations for standard-sized patients using standard equipment. National DRLs are set at 75th percentile of the median values of an appropriate quantity in a representative sample of healthcare facilities. Exceeding the DRL for a certain procedure should trigger an investigation of the equipment, procedure protocol, or the operator’s technique. Applying DRLs to interventional procedures is challenging due to multiple factors, including the patient’s size, the complexity of the procedure, and the operator’s experience. Active dosimetry is not only an audit tool, but also optimizes occupational protection for each procedure. The ICRP recommends gathering regional or national dosimetric data for every case of a procedure from a large number of facilities, or alternatively, use a local data set of the dosimetric data of every case of the same procedure carried out at the local facility.2,4 Apart from interventional cardiology, there is limited DRLs data for body and neuro interventional procedures, and a paucity of DRLs for pediatric interventional procedures.4,5 Recently, the Saudi Food and Drug Authority and Saudi Health Council issued national DRLs for a computed tomography (CT), based on dosimetric data sets from 10 different hospitals in Saudi Arabia. More recently, a local study reported that the radiation dose levels for uterine artery embolization procedures and compared it to published data.6
The aim of this study is to participate in establishing the national DRL, reporting the dosimetric data of the most frequently carried out procedures in a tertiary care center and compare it to the reported international data from current literature, the radiation doses in interventional radiology procedure (RAD-IR) study, a radiation doses measurements study carried out for DRLs in 2003, and a recently published study with similar procedure categories to our sample.7,8
Methods
This retrospective review included adult vascular and interventional radiology (VIR) procedures carried out over a period of 5 years from January 2015 to December 2019 at the Department of Medical Imaging, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The radiation doses were captured using the dose management software (DoseWatch; GE Healthcare System, Buc, France) that is integrated in the Radiology Information System. The anthropometric data included the height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) in addition to the patients’ age (>14 years) and gender. The dosimetric data included the reference point air kerma (mGy) (known as reference dose, cumulative dose, or cumulative air kerma), dose area product (DAP) (Gy.cm2) (known as Kerma area product [KAP]), and fluoroscopy time (minute). The peak skin dose (PSD) was calculated using the reference point air kerma and the following formula: PSD (mGy)=206+0.513*Ka,r [mGy]).9
During the study period, 18068 fluoroscopy-guided interventions were carried out by several consultant interventional radiologists or supervised residents/fellows in training. This analysis did not include neurointerventional (n=972) and pediatric (n=2250) procedures, which will be evaluated separately. Duplicate procedures accessions, procedures with missing dosimetric or demographic data were excluded. Low count procedures (<15) were also excluded, including procedures such as prostate artery embolization, prophylactic bilateral internal iliac artery occlusion, and pulmonary embolectomy (Figure 1).
- Flow Chart of the study procedures’ selection.
This study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at King Abdullah International Medical Research Center. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
Procedures of a similar nature were grouped in one category. For example, the tunneled catheter placement category included new tunneled hemodialysis catheter insertion, in addition to exchange +/- simple fibrin sheath angioplasty, chest port placement, and chemotherapy tunneled catheter insertion. Axial embolization procedures included embolization in the thorax, abdomen or pelvis, and could vary between simple embolization procedures, such as posttraumatic bleeding to a complex embolization of arteriovenous malformation. Arteriovenous dialysis access interventions vary between simple angioplasty to thrombectomy with balloon angioplasty +/- stent placement. Hepatic mapping may include vessel embolization procedures that were not counted under axial embolization. Post liver transplant vascular interventions included hepatic artery, hepatic or portal veins interventions with thrombolysis, and balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement.
All procedures were carried out on one of 5 angiography machines (AlluraXper, Philips Medical systems, Netherlands). All machines are regularly reviewed by the radiation safety officer, and all staff attend a mandatory annual radiation safety course.
The final analysis included 8942 procedures with 4863 (54.4%) male patients and 4079 (45.6%) female patients, with a mean age of 56.96 years (range: 15-117). The mean height was 1.6 meters (range: 1.2-1.91). The mean weight was 68.9 kg (range: 16-214).
The analysis included 22 different VIR-procedures. Peripherally inserted central catheter placement was the most frequently carried out procedure (n=2712, 30.3%), followed by tunneled catheter placement (n=2151, 24.1%), gastrostomy (n=1000, 11.2%), and arteriovenous dialysis access interventions (n=455, 5.1%).
Statistical analysis.
The categorical data are presented as percentage and frequency, and the continuous variables as mean, median, standard deviation, 25th and 75th percentile, and range. Two independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean values from the current study with the RAD-IR study and Contemporary Interventional Radiology Dosimetry (CIRD) study.7,8 Statistical significance was defined as a p-value of <0.05. The statistical analysis was carried out on Statistical Analysis System, version 9.4 (Cary, NC, USA) and StatPlus:mac - statistical analysis program for Mac OS. Version v5 (AnalystSoft Inc., WALNUT, CA).
Results
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)-creation recorded the highest mean fluoroscopy time of 69.41±37.82 minutes, followed by central venous recanalization (39.67±40.83 minutes), and uterine fibroid embolization (32.27±15.06 minutes; Table 1). The TIPS-creation had the highest mean DAP (1161.16±840.93 Gy.cm2), followed by the trans arterial chemo embolization (500.63±346.02 Gy.cm2), and post liver transplant vascular interventions (479.42±394.10 Gy.cm2; Table 2). Similarly, the TIPS-creation had the highest mean reference point air kerma of 4.99±3.95 Gy, followed by trans arterial chemo embolization of 2.69±1.81 Gy, and post liver transplant vascular interventions of 2.48±2.35 Gy (Table 3). The TIPS-creation was associated with the highest PSD (2766.81±2024.54 mGy), followed by the trans arterial chemo embolization (1588.29±928.98 mGy), and post liver transplant vascular interventions (1480.66±1204.36 mGy; Table 4).
- Fluoroscopy time for the analyzed vascualr and interventional procedures.
- Dose area product for the analyzed vascualr and interventional procedures.
- Reference point entrance dose for the analyzed vascualr and interventional procedures.
- Peak skin dose for the analyzed vascualr and interventional procedures.
Compared to the CIRD and RAD-IR studies, vascular access procedures had comparable fluoroscopy time, DAP, and reference point air kerma. However, TIPS-creation and trans arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) were associated with significantly higher fluoroscopy time, DAP, and reference point air kerma in our institution. The mean fluoroscopy time for nephrostomy and gastrostomy procedures was significantly shorter in this study compared to the reported values. Dose area product was also significantly lower for nephrostomy, inferior vena cava filter placement, and gastrostomy procedures. Other differences and variations in radiation exposure parameters are illustrated in Table 5.
- Comparison of the radiation doses between the current study and the CIRD and RAD-IR studies.
There was very strong positive correlation between reference point air kerma and DAP (R=0.93; p<0.0001). There was moderate positive correlation between fluoroscopy time and DAP (R=0.60; p<0.0001), reference point air kerma (R=0.66; p<0.0001), and PSD (R=0.60; p<0.0001). There was a very weak positive correlation between BMI with DAP (R=0.08; p<0.0001), reference point air kerma (R=0.08; p<0.0001), and fluoroscopy time (R=0.04; p<0.0001). Noteworthy, the mean BMI for TIPS was 28.1 kg/m2, which correlated very weakly with the recorded doses (PSD of 0.09 and DAP of 0.12). Similarly, the TACE patients had a mean BMI of 28.9 kg/m2 that correlated weakly (PSD of 0.29 and DAP of 0.34; <0.2: very weak correlation; 0.21-0.4: weak correlation; 0.41-0.7: moderate correlation; 0.71-0.9: strong correlation; and >0.9: very strong correlation).
Discussion
This study established dosimetric data for the most frequently carried out VIR-procedures in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and ICRP recommend the implementation of DRLs to optimize dose monitoring and tracking in patients undergoing VIR-procedures.3,9 There is a substantial variation in the dosimetric data related to differences in the operating equipment, operator experience, patient’s habitus, clinical condition, and the complexity of interventions. This is reflected in literature demonstrating a spectrum of radiation exposure for similar interventions.7,8,10-17 The complexity and wide variability of radiation exposure in VIR necessitates a review of a large number of procedures to establish institutional and national DRLs that can be used to monitor and optimize the quality of radiation exposure. Miller et al14 proposed radiation levels for a reference dose, kerma-air product and fluoroscopy times for several interventional procedures based on the RAD-IR study and a comparison with published European dose data. Ruiz-Cruces et al10 and Heilmaier et al16 proposed categorizing VIR-procedures in 3 different levels of complexity with corresponding diagnostic reference levels. However, there persists a significant difference in the recommended thresholds for the same complexity level. For example, the reference level of KAP for a complex biliary drainage procedure is proposed at 141 Gy.cm2 and 62.2 Gy.cm2.10,16 This compares to a mean of 70 Gy.cm2 and 75th percentile of 79.3 in our study irrespective of the patients’ habitus and procedure complexity in our dataset. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and TACE in the current study were associated with significantly higher mean reference levels compared to the CIRD and RAD-IR studies.7,8,13 This may be explained by the low volume and higher complexity of TIPS procedures in our training institution. The TACE procedures were carried out as super selective as possible, and frequently mandated a cone-beam CT for lesion localization, which could have contributed to the additional exposure. The large standard deviation for DRLs of TIPS and TACE indicates the significant variability in complexity and required radiation exposure.
Comparing our data with the local study for uterine artery embolization (UAE), the median DAP value was higher at 347 Gy.cm2 for the UAE procedure, compared to our median DAP at 156.14 Gy.cm2.6
The SIR guidelines suggested DRL thresholds for intra procedural notifications and set the following thresholds to prompt patient follow-up after VIR-procedures: a PSD of 3000 mGy, reference point air kerma of 5000 mGy, KAP of 500 Gy.cm2, or a fluoroscopy time more than 60 minutes.9 Although these values are not restrictive and should not be regarded as endpoints for procedure termination, the currently reported values may be used by peer institutions and authorities with a similar population, and may be incorporated in quality improvement measures and dose management software.
Study limitations
This study is limited to an adult population, excluding pediatric patients and neuro interventions, unlike the CIRD and RAD-IR studies.7,8,13 These will be reported separately given the inherent differences in interventions and patients as well as the operators. Although there was a very weak positive correlation between the BMI and the reported DRLs, the adult population was largely overweight with a mean BMI of 27 kg/m2, which requires additional subgroup analysis to determine the correlation between BMI and DRLs for individual procedures. This study also reports the PSD, which is regarded as the main tissue of concern in interventional procedures and can be used as a threshold to trigger patient follow-up.
In conclusion, the majority of these procedures demonstrate no significant institutional variation in dosimetry, when compared to other studies. However, optimization of radiation precautions is paramount to maintain the exposure as low as reasonably achievable, particularly in TIPS-creation and embolization procedures that are associated with the highest radiation exposure.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the publication office at King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the English language editing.
Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company.
- Received March 4, 2022.
- Accepted August 8, 2022.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
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