Preoperative mannitol infusion improves perioperative cerebral oxygen saturation and enhances postoperative recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO₂) in the control and mannitol groups. Measurements were carried out before anesthesia induction (T1), after anesthetic induction (T2), 20 minutes after pneumoperitoneum (T3), after evacuation of pneumoperitoneum (T4), 30 minutes after extubation on room air (T5), and 60 minutes after extubation (T6). Vertical bars denote 95% confidence intervals. *Significant difference in comparison to T1. †Significant difference in comparison to T2. ‡Significant difference from the control group.