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Review ArticleReview Article
Open Access

Current understanding of the relationship between periodontal and systemic diseases

Hani H. Mawardi, Lena S. Elbadawi and Stephen T. Sonis
Saudi Medical Journal January 2015, 36 (2) 150-158; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.2.9424
Hani H. Mawardi
From the Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry (Mawardi, Sonis), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Biomaterials (Elbadawi), School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, United States of America, and the Division of Oral Medicine (Mawardi), Division of Periodontology (Elbadawi), Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
BDS, DMSc
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Lena S. Elbadawi
From the Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry (Mawardi, Sonis), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Biomaterials (Elbadawi), School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, United States of America, and the Division of Oral Medicine (Mawardi), Division of Periodontology (Elbadawi), Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
BDS, MS
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Stephen T. Sonis
From the Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry (Mawardi, Sonis), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Biomaterials (Elbadawi), School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, United States of America, and the Division of Oral Medicine (Mawardi), Division of Periodontology (Elbadawi), Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
DMD, DMSc
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    Figure 1

    Clinical comparison between healthy and periodontitis patients A) frontal intra-oral view for a patient with gingival health and stable periodontium demonstrating normal gingival color, marginal gingival level and intact inter-dental papillae; B) periapical radiographs for the patient in A, showing stable periodontium, normal bone level and absence of vertical bone defect; C) frontal intra-oral view of a patient with moderate to severe periodontitis presenting as loss of attachment (triangle), recession (arrow) and gingival edema (brace); D) periapical radiographs for the patient in C, showing calculus accumulation, horizontal bone loss (arrow) and vertical bone defect (triangle).

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    Figure 2

    Diagnostic criteria for mild periodontal disease; A) probing depth of 4 mm; B) attachment loss of 4 mm; C) radiographic bone loss of more than 40%.57,58

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Saudi Medical Journal: 36 (2)
Saudi Medical Journal
Vol. 36, Issue 2
1 Jan 2015
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Current understanding of the relationship between periodontal and systemic diseases
Hani H. Mawardi, Lena S. Elbadawi, Stephen T. Sonis
Saudi Medical Journal Jan 2015, 36 (2) 150-158; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.2.9424

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Current understanding of the relationship between periodontal and systemic diseases
Hani H. Mawardi, Lena S. Elbadawi, Stephen T. Sonis
Saudi Medical Journal Jan 2015, 36 (2) 150-158; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.2.9424
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© 2025 Saudi Medical Journal Saudi Medical Journal is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention.  Saudi Medical Journal is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work. Electronic ISSN 1658-3175. Print ISSN 0379-5284.

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