The re-awakening of hCG expression. Its role in the diagnosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma

References

1. ↵
   1. Arbyn M,
   2. de Sanjosé S,
   3. Saraiya M,
   4. Sideri M,
   5. Palefsky J,
   6. Lacey C,
   7. et al.

   (2012) EUROGIN 2011 roadmap on prevention and treatment of HPV-related disease. Int J Cancer 131:1969–1982.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. ↵
   1. Schiffman M,
   2. Castle PE,
   3. Jeronimo J,
   4. Rodriguez AC,
   5. Wacholder S

   (2007) Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet 370:890–907.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Cole LA

   (2012) hCG, the wonder of today's science. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 10:24.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
4. ↵
   1. Cole LA

   (2012) HCG variants, the growth factors which drive human malignancies. Am J Cancer Res 2:22–35.

   OpenUrlPubMed
5. ↵
   1. Iles RK

   (2007) Ectopic hCGbeta expression by epithelial cancer: malignant behaviour, metastasis and inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 260-262:264–270.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
6. ↵
   1. Iles RK,
   2. Delves PJ,
   3. Butler SA

   (2010) Does hCG or hCGβplay a role in cancer cell biology? Mol Cell Endocrinol 329:62–70.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. ↵
   1. Butler SA,
   2. Iles RK

   (2004) The free monomeric beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG beta) and the recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit (hCG beta beta) both have autocrine growth effects. Tumour Biol 25:18–23.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
8. ↵
   1. Li D,
   2. Wen X,
   3. Ghali L,
   4. Al-Shalabi FM,
   5. Docherty SM,
   6. Purkis P,
   7. et al.

   (2008) hCG beta expression by cervical squamous carcinoma--in vivo histological association with tumour invasion and apoptosis. Histopathology 53:147–155.

   OpenUrlPubMed
9. ↵
   1. Burczynska BB,
   2. Kobrouly L,
   3. Butler SA,
   4. Naase M,
   5. Iles RK

   (2014) Novel insights into the expression of CGB1 & 2 genes by epithelial cancer cell lines secreting ectopic free hCGβ. Anticancer Res 34:2239–2248.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
10. ↵
    1. Burczynska B,
    2. Booth MJ,
    3. Iles RK,
    4. Shah A,
    5. Shiled A,
    6. Butler SA

    (2013) SStable knockdown of hCGβmRNA expression in bladder cancer cells results in significant growth inhibition. Anticancer Res 33:3611–3614.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
11. ↵
    1. Chang E,
    2. Lee E,
    3. Oh SJ,
    4. Kim JS,
    5. Kang C

    (2005) The immunoexpressions and prognostic significance of inhibin alpha and beta human chorionic gonadotrophins (HCG) in breast carcinomas. Cancer Res Treat 37:241–246.

    OpenUrlPubMed
12. ↵
    1. Cole LA,
    2. Wang YX,
    3. Elliott M,
    4. Latif M,
    5. Chambers JT,
    6. Chambers SK,
    7. et al.

    (1988) Urinary human chorionic gonadotropin free beta-subunit and beta-core fragment: a new marker of gynecological cancers. Cancer Res 48:1356–1360.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
13. ↵
    1. Mustafa A,
    2. Bozdag Z,
    3. Tepe NB,
    4. Ozcan HC

    (2016) An unexpected reason for elevated human chorionic gonadotropin in a young woman. Cervical squamous carcinoma. Saudi Med J 37:905–907.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
14. ↵
    1. Buckner CL,
    2. Wilson L,
    3. Papadea CN

    (2007) An unusual cause of elevated serum total beta hCG. Ann Clin Lab Sci 37:186–191.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. ↵
    1. Norman RJ,
    2. Buck RH,
    3. Aktar B,
    4. Mayet N,
    5. Moodley J

    (1990) Detection of a small molecular species of human chorionic gonadotropin in the urine of patients with carcinoma of the cervix and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: comparison with other assays for human chorionic gonadotropin and its fragments. Gynecol Oncol 37:254–259.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. ↵
    1. Coleman RL,
    2. Lindberg G,
    3. Muller CY,
    4. Miller DS,
    5. Hameed A

    (2000) Ectopic production and localization of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the cervix: a case report. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19:179–182.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
17. ↵
    1. Fenoglio CM,
    2. Hayata T,
    3. Crum CP,
    4. Richart RM

    (1982) The expression of human chorionic gonadotropin in the female genital tract: localization by the immunoperoxidase technique. Diagn Gynecol Obstet 4:97–103.

    OpenUrlPubMed
18. ↵
    1. Hameed A,
    2. Miller DS,
    3. Muller CY,
    4. Coleman RL,
    5. Albores-Saavedra J

    (1999) Frequent expression of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 18:381–386.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Delves PJ,
    2. Iles RK,
    3. Roitt IM,
    4. Lund T

    (2007) Designing a new generation of anti-hCG vaccines for cancer therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 260-262:276–281.

    OpenUrlPubMed
20. ↵
    1. He LZ,
    2. Ramakrishna V,
    3. Connolly JE,
    4. Wang XT,
    5. Smith PA,
    6. Jones CL,
    7. et al.

    (2004) A novel human cancer vaccine elicits cellular responses to the tumor-associated antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin beta. Clin Cancer Res 10:1920–1927.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text