Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- STROBE chart. COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19, RT-PCR: real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
- Figure 2
- Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve depicting area under curve (AUC) for c-reactive protein (CRP) and red cell distribution width (RDW). Serious outcome (intensive care unit [ICU] admission) is the dependent variable.
Tables
- Table 1
- Average age and levels of routine laboratory analytes of covid-19 patients at the time of admission (N=74).
Variables Median (IQR) Age (years), mean±SD 50.4±17.2 [19-83]a Creatinine (µmol/L) 76 (57.2) CRP (mg/dL) 8.5 (15.6) Hb (g/dL), mean±SD 12.1±2.2 MCV (fL), mean±SD 83.03±9.10 MCH (pg/cell), mean±SD 26.9±3.5 MCHC (g/dL), mean±SD 32.4±1.9 RDW 14.1 (3.2) WBC (109/L) 8.1 (8.0) Neutrophil (109/L) 6.1 (7.9) Lymphocyte (109/L) 1.4 (1.2) Monocyte (109/L) 0.6 (0.7) Eosinophil (109/L) 0.01 (0.1) Basophil (109/L) 0.02 (0.03) Platelet (109/L) 210.5 (124.5) CRP: c-reactive protein, Hb: hemoglobin, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin cocentration, RDW: red cell distribution width, WBC: absolute count of leucocytes, IQR: interquartile range. Values are expressed as either mean±standrad or median IQR or a range
- Table 2
- Levels of routine laboratory analytes, leucocyte ratios, and delta creatinine (Δ Cr) among stable and serious COVID-19 patients.
Variables Isolation (stable) ICU (serious) Male (n=23) Female (n=21) Total (n=44) Male (n=16) Female (n=14) Total (n=30) Median [range] Age (years), mean±SD 48.5±15.6 50.0±19.3 49.2±17.3 50.9±20.7 53.5±12.4 52.1±17.1 Creatinine (μmol/L) 89 [38-1015] 64.0 [28-838] 71.0 [28-1015] 99.0 [52-983] 74.5 [49-649] 85.0 [49-983] CRP (mg/dL) 8.4 [0.36-38]a 1.5 [0.3-48] 4.3 [0.3-48] 12.6 [0.3-112] 16.3 [1-57.1] 13.2 [0.3-112]e Hb (g/dL), mean±SD 12.9±2.7 11.6±1.5 12.3±2.3 11.6±2.3 11.8±1.5 11.7±1.9 MCV (fL), mean±SD 84±8 82±7 83±7 83±11 80±10 82±10 MCH (pg/cell), mean±SD 27±3 26±3 27±3 27±4 25±3 26±3 MCHC (g/dL), mean±SD 32±1.8 31.7±1.7 32.3±1.9 32.9±1.9 31.7±1.7 32.3±1.8 RDW (%) 13.2 [11.7-23.1]c 14.1 [11.8-18.2] 13.5 [11.7-23.1] 14.5 [12.7-33] 16.3 [12.7-19.9] 15.2 [12.7-33]d WBC (109/L) 7.8 [3.0-18.5] 7.0 [2.5-22.4] 7.8 [2.5-22.4] 12.6 [4.4-35.1] 7.9 [1.3-31.8] 9.4 [1.3-35.1] Neutrophils (109/L) 5.6 [1.3-14.9] 4.2 [1.3-18.6] 4.7 [1.3-18.6] 10.2 [2.4-26.4]c 5.9 [0.5-27.7] 6.6 [0.5-27.7]b Lymphocytes (109/L) 1.3 [0.25-3.2]c 1.6 [0.6-4.1] 1.5 [0.25-4.1] 0.9 [0.3-3] 1.4 [0.4-2.4] 1.2 [0.3-3] NLR 4.6 [0.8-36.3]a 1.9 [0.5-23.3] 4.0 [0.5-36.3] 10.6 [2.6-45.5]c 4.1 [1.4-14.2] 6.3 [1.4-44.5]b Monocytes (109/L) 0.6 [0-1.8] 0.6 [0.12-2.24] 0.6 [0-2.2] 0.7 [0.2-6.5] 0.6 [0.03-1.4] 0.6 [0.03-6.5] MLR 0.5 [0-2.8] 0.3 [0.08-1.5] 0.4 [0-2.8] 0.8 [0.3-2.2]c 0.4 [0.08-1.2] 0.6 [0.08-2.2]b Platelet count (109/L) 183.0 [49-419]c 242.0 [104-467] 192.0 [49-467] 272.0 [159-685] 205.5 [116-351] 237 [116-685] PLR 178.8 [15.5-736] 95.1 [68.9-608.2] 151 [15.5-736] 268 [103-865.5]a 143 [83-494.5] 194 [83-865.5]b ∆ Cr (μmol/L) 0.0 [-31-190] -4.0 [-174-218] -1.0 [-174-218] -6.5 [-279-248] -3.5 [-127-221] -3.5 [-279-248] % ∆ Cr 0.0 [-49.2-150.6] -2.6 [-34.3-42.4] -1.6 [-49.2-150.6] -9.6 [-45.1-61.6] -5.1 [-44.4-156.2] -5.1 [-45.1-156.2] COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19, ICU: intensive care unit, SD: standard deviation, CRP: c-reactive protein, Hb: hemoglobin, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin cocentration, RDW: red cell distribution width, WBC: absolute count of leucocytes, NLR: neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, MLR: monocyte to lymphocyte ratio, PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio. Significantly different from a females or b stable (total) at p<0.05; significantly different from c females or d stable (total) at p<0.01; significantly different from e stable (total) at p<0.001
- Table 3
- Univariate analysis: binary logistic for serious outcome in COVID-19 infection and linear regression for length of hospital stay.
Variables Serious outcome Length of hospital stay OR 95% CI P-value ß R2 F P-value Age 1.010 0.983-1.038 0.484 -0.001 0.004 0.307 0.581 Gender 0.958 0.378-2.428 0.929 0.155 0.065 5.008 0.028 Creatinine 1.000 0.998-1.002 0.804 0.000 0.045 3.410 0.069 CRP 1.053 1.016-1.091 0.005 0.006 0.193 17.23 <0.001 CRPxcreatinine 1.000 1.000-1.000 0.115 1.016x10-5 0.167 14.39 <0.001 Creatinine/CRP 0.988 0.977-0.999 0.037 -0.001 0.033 2.493 0.119 Hb 0.876 0.703-1.091 0.236 -0.043 0.098 7.832 0.007 MCV 0.981 0.931-1.034 0.471 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.976 MCH 0.961 0.841-1.098 0.558 -0.011 0.016 1.144 0.288 MCHC 1.009 0.787-1.292 0.946 -0.043 0.075 5.808 0.019 RDW 1.252 1.030-1.523 0.024 0.014 0.025 1.851 0.178 WBC 1.079 0.999-1.165 0.054 0.011 0.061 4.659 0.034 Neutrophils 1.093 1.004-1.189 0.040 0.015 0.083 6.480 0.013 Lymphocytes 0.682 0.380-1.223 0.199 -0.014 0.002 0.121 0.729 NLR 1.043 0.985-1.104 0.148 0.010 0.085 6.705 0.012 MLR 2.225 0.875-5.659 0.093 0.163 0.082 6.406 0.014 PLR 1.002 1.000-1.005 0.103 0.000 0.051 3.847 0.054 ∆ Cr 0.998 0.992-1.004 0.580 -0.001 0.065 5.017 0.028 % ∆ Cr 1.002 0.988-1.015 0.813 -0.003 0.084 6.605 0.012 COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, CRP: c-reactive protein, Hb: hemoglobin, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin cocentration, RDW: red cell distribution width, WBC: absolute count of leucocytes, NLR: neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, MLR: monocyte to lymphocyte ratio, PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio. Values are expressed as either OR at 95% CI for logistic regression or unstandardized regression coefficient (ß), unadjusted R2 and F-value for linear regression.
- Table 4
- Multivariable logistic regression for serious outcome in COVID-19 patients in adjusted and unadjusted models.
Variables Unadjusted model Adjusted model OR 95% CI P-value OR 95% CI P-value CRP 1.052 1.014-1.091 0.007 1.048 1.006-1.090 0.024 RDW 1.218 1.010-1.470 0.040 1.286 1.035-1.596 0.023 COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19, CRP: c-reactive protein, RDW: red cell distribution width, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval
- Table 5
- Multiple regression analysis for length of hospital stay (LOS) in various unadjusted and adjusted models.
Variables Unadjusted Adjusted 1A 2A Coefficient P-value Coefficient P-value CRP 0.006 <0.001 0.004 0.003 MCHC -0.029 0.065 -0.044 0.007 NLR 0.009 0.008 0.004 0.213 % ∆ Cr -0.003 0.002 -0.002 0.021 1B 2B CRP 0.005 <0.001 0.004 0.004 MCHC -0.034 0.028 -0.047 0.003 MLR 0.170 0.002 0.124 0.026 % ∆ Cr -0.003 0.001 -0.002 0.014 1C 2C CRP 0.006 <0.001 0.004 0.003 MCHC -0.027 0.096 -0.043 0.009 PLR 0.000 0.051 0.000 0.250 % ∆ Cr -0.003 0.002 -0.002 0.024 CRP: c-reactive protein, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin cocentration, NLR: neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, MLR: monocyte to lymphocyte ratio, PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio. Values are expressed as unstandardized regression coefficient. Model 1A and 2A includes NLR, 1B and 2B includes MLR, 3A and 3B includes PLR. Models 1A, 1B and 1C are unadjusted; models 2A, 2B and 2C are adjusted
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