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Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Emphasizing the link between blood types in multi-ethnic disparities and COVID-19 infection in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Wesam A. Nasif, Abeer S.E. Ali, Asim A. Khogeer, Mohammed H. Mukhtar, Mohamed M. NourEldein, Ahmed Y. Shebly, Shumukh H. Alqahtani, Yahya A. Alnashri, Ghaidaa E. Khouj, Ziyad I. Gadah and Mohammad A. Althubiti
Saudi Medical Journal February 2022, 43 (2) 177-186; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.2.20210847
Wesam A. Nasif
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MSc, PhD
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Abeer S.E. Ali
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MBBCh, MSc
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Asim A. Khogeer
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MSc, PhD
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Mohammed H. Mukhtar
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MPhil, PhD
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Mohamed M. NourEldein
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MSc, PhD
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Ahmed Y. Shebly
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MBBCh
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Shumukh H. Alqahtani
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MBBCh
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Yahya A. Alnashri
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MBBCh
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Ghaidaa E. Khouj
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MBBCh
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Ziyad I. Gadah
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MBBCh
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Mohammad A. Althubiti
From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MSc, PhD
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Article Information

vol. 43 no. 2 177-186
DOI 
https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.2.20210847
PubMed 
35110343

Published By 
Saudi Medical Journal
Online ISSN 
1658-3175
History 
  • Received October 19, 2021
  • Accepted December 26, 2021
  • Published online February 2, 2022.

Copyright & Usage 
Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal This is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work.

Author Information

  1. Wesam A. Nasif, MSc, PhD⇑,
  2. Abeer S.E. Ali, MBBCh, MSc,
  3. Asim A. Khogeer, MSc, PhD,
  4. Mohammed H. Mukhtar, MPhil, PhD,
  5. Mohamed M. NourEldein, MSc, PhD,
  6. Ahmed Y. Shebly, MBBCh,
  7. Shumukh H. Alqahtani, MBBCh,
  8. Yahya A. Alnashri, MBBCh,
  9. Ghaidaa E. Khouj, MBBCh,
  10. Ziyad I. Gadah, MBBCh and
  11. Mohammad A. Althubiti, MSc, PhD
  1. From Biochemistry Department (Nasif, Mukhtar, Nour Eldein, Althubiti), From Pathology Department (Ali), from the College of Medicine (Alqahtani, Alnashri, Khouj, Gadah), Umm Al-Qura University; From Plan and Research Department (Khogeer), General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Ministry of Health; From Ajyad Emergency Hospital (Shebly), Ministry of Health, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  1. Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Wesam A. Nasif, Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: wnasif2003{at}yahoo.com ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5119-0137
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Emphasizing the link between blood types in multi-ethnic disparities and COVID-19 infection in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Wesam A. Nasif, Abeer S.E. Ali, Asim A. Khogeer, Mohammed H. Mukhtar, Mohamed M. NourEldein, Ahmed Y. Shebly, Shumukh H. Alqahtani, Yahya A. Alnashri, Ghaidaa E. Khouj, Ziyad I. Gadah, Mohammad A. Althubiti
Saudi Medical Journal Feb 2022, 43 (2) 177-186; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.2.20210847

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Emphasizing the link between blood types in multi-ethnic disparities and COVID-19 infection in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Wesam A. Nasif, Abeer S.E. Ali, Asim A. Khogeer, Mohammed H. Mukhtar, Mohamed M. NourEldein, Ahmed Y. Shebly, Shumukh H. Alqahtani, Yahya A. Alnashri, Ghaidaa E. Khouj, Ziyad I. Gadah, Mohammad A. Althubiti
Saudi Medical Journal Feb 2022, 43 (2) 177-186; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.2.20210847
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Keywords

  • ABO blood group
  • RhD
  • COVID-19
  • ethnicity
  • risk
  • prevalence

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© 2025 Saudi Medical Journal Saudi Medical Journal is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention.  Saudi Medical Journal is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work. Electronic ISSN 1658-3175. Print ISSN 0379-5284.

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