Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Phenotypic and genotypic detection of carbapenemase production among gram negative bacteria isolated from hospital acquired infections

Sreeja K. Vamsi, Rama S. Moorthy, Mary N. Hemiliamma, Rama B. Chandra Reddy, Deepak J. chanderakant and Shravani Sirikonda
Saudi Medical Journal March 2022, 43 (3) 236-243; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.3.20210809

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    - Representing amplification plot of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), Verona integron-mediated metallo-β-lactamase (VIM), and oxacillin hydrolyzing enzymes-48 (OXA-48) by using Hi-media HiPCR carbapenemase gene (multiplex) probe PCR kit; identification of genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    - Resistance pattern of isolates harboring carbapenemase genes. represents the resistance pattern to various drugs by carbapenemase producing Gram negative bacteria.

Tables

  • Table 1

    - Prevalence of genes in different carbapenem-resistant isolates.

    OrganismsGenes
    NDMNDM, VIMNDM, VIM, OXA-48NDM, OXA-48
    n (%)
    Escherichia22 (22.4)12 (14.6)--
    Klebsiella57 (58.2)47 (57.3)4 (44.4)1 (33.3)
    Pseudomonas8 (8.2)9 (11.0)2 (22.2)2 (66.7)
    Enterobacter2 (2.0)4 (4.9)--
    Acinetobacter9 (9.2)10 (12.2)3 (33.3)-
    Total98 (100)82 (100)9 (100)3 (100)

    NDM: New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, VIM: Verona integron-mediated metallo-β-lactamase, OXA-48: oxacillin hydrolyzing enzymes-48, n: number

    • Table 2

      - Distribution of carbapenemase gene-producing organisms in different samples.

      OrganismsSamples
      BloodCSFETPus and wound swabsUrineSputumStoolOthers
      n (%)
      Klebsiella23 (53.5)1 (33.3)27 (58.7)27 (65.9)6 (35.3)20 (80.0)3 (20.0)2 (100)
      Escherichia coli7 (16.3)-3 (6.5)2 (4.9)7 (41.2)3 (12.0)12 (80.0)-
      Enterobacter2 (4.7)-3 (6.5)1 (2.4)----
      Acinetobacter9 (20.9)-7 (15.2)4 (9.8)1 (5.9)1 (4.0)--
      Pseudomonas2 (4.7)2 (66.7)6 (13.0)7 (17.1)3 (17.6)1 (4.0)--
      Total43 (100)3 (100)46 (100)41 (100)17 (100)25 (100)15 (100)2 (100)

      CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, ET: endotracheal secretion, others: pleural fluid, ascetic fluid, n: number

      • Table 3

        - Distribution of carbapenemase genes in different samples.

        GenesSamples
        BloodCSFETPus and wound swabsUrineSputumStoolOthers
        n (%)
        NDM24 (55.8)1 (33.3)19 (41.3)19 (46.3)9 (52.9)13 (52.0)12 (80.0)1 (50.0)
        Co-existence of NDM and VIM18 (41.9)2 (66.7)21 (45.7)19 (46.3)7 (41.2)11 (44.0)3 (20.0)1 (50.0)
        Co-existence of NDM, VIM, and OXA-481 (2.3)-4 (8.7)3 (7.4)-1 (4.0)--
        Co-existence of NDM and OXA-48--2 (4.3)-1 (5.9)---
        Total43 (100)3 (100)46 (100)41 (100)17 (100)25 (100)15 (100)2 (100)

        CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, ET: endotracheal secretion, NDM: New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase, VIM: Verona integron-mediated metallo-β-lactamase, OXA-48: oxacillin hydrolyzing enzymes-48, others: pleural fluid, ascetic fluid, n: number

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