Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Evaluation of haemoglobin constant spring phenotypes and their haematological characteristics among high school students in Terengganu, Malaysia

A single - centred study

Sharifatul F. Embong, Sumaiyah Adzahar, Adibah Daud, Mohammad H. Nordin, Sarah A. Halim, Wan Zuhairah W. Embong, Nabilah Rameli, Razan H. Zulkeflee and Rosnah Bahar
Saudi Medical Journal March 2025, 46 (3) 292-298; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2025.46.3.20240771

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Tables

  • Table 1

    - Genotypes of hemoglobin constant spring (N=389).

    Types and coinheritancen (%)
    Heterozygous Hb CS359 (92.2)
    Homozygous Hb CS2 (0.5)
    Compound heterozygous Hb CS
    Heterozygous alpha 3.717 (4.3)
    Heterozygous alpha 4.23 (0.7)
    Haemoglobin adana2 (0.5)
    Heterozygous IVS-11 (0.3)
    Heterozygous alpha SEA1 (0.3)
    Haemoglobin Quang Sze1 (0.3)
    Haemoglobin Malay1 (0.3)
    Beta thalassemia trait1 (0.3)
    Haemoglobin D Punjab1 (0.3)

    Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%).

    Hb CS: hemoglobin constant spring, IVS-1: intervening sequence-1, SEA: Southeast Asian

    • Table 2

      - The mean peak values in Zone 2 capillary electrophoresis findings and hematological parameters for heterozygous, homozygous, and compound heterozygous hemoglobin constant spring (N=389).

      Haematological parametersTypes of Hb CSP-values
      Heterozygous Hb CS (n=359)Homozygous Hb CS (n=2)Compound heterozygous Hb CS (n=28)
      Zone 2 peak on CE0.7±0.44.5±1.11.2±0.8<0.001
      Hb (g/dL)12.8±20.110.9±29.011.1±26.8<0.001
      RBC (1012/L)5.2±0.64.7±2.24.9±1.20.2
      MCV (fl)77.2±3.981.5±16.873.2±8.2<0.001
      MCH (pg)25.0±1.524.4±5.322.7±2.0<0.001

      Values are presented as means ± standard abbreviations (SDs). All pairs of mean scores are significantly different by post hoc test (Tukey test; p<0.001). Hb CS: hemoglobin constant spring, CE: capillary electrophoresis, Hb: hemoglobin, RBC: red blood cell, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin

      • Table 3

        - Haematological parameters of compound heterozygous hemoglobin constant spring (n=28).

        Coinheritancen (%)Haematological parameters
        Hb (g/dL)RBC (1012/L)MCV (fl)MCH (pg)Hb CS level (%)
        Het alpha 3.717 (60.7)11.9±18.25.2±0.972.8±3.622.9±1.41.1 (0.2)
        Het alpha 4.23 (10.6)11.4±19.45.4±0.767.3±3.121.1±0.90.9 (0.2)
        Hb Adana2 (7.1)4.1±25.51.8±1.389.2±28.424.1±3.73.2 (2.3)
        Beta thal trait*1 (3.6)-----
        Hb Quang Sze*1 (3.6)-----
        Het IVS-1*1 (3.6)-----
        Hb Malay*1 (3.6)-----
        Het alpha SEA*1 (3.6)-----
        Hb D punjab*1 (3.6)-----

        Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%) and means ± standard deviations (SDs).

        Hb: hemoglobin, RBC: red blood cell, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin, Hb CS: hemoglobin constant spring, Het: heterozygous, IVS-1: Intervening Sequence-1, SEA: Southeast Asian

        • ↵* No mean and SD value due to only one sample involved.

      • Table 4

        - Detection of hemoglobin constant spring by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography samples (N=389).

        Genotypes of Hb CSCEHPLC
        Zone 2No peakSmall peak
        Heterozygous Hb CS359 (92.3)186 (51.8)173 (48.2)
        Homozygous Hb CS2 (0.5)0 (0.0)2 (100)
        Compound heterozygous Hb CS28 (7.2)3 (10.7)25 (89.3)

        Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). Hb CS: hemoglobin constant spring,

        CE: capillary electrophoresis, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography

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