Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart diagram showing the study selection steps.
- Figure 2
- Anti-obesity medication study counts by year of publication (N=59).
- Figure 3
- Geographic heatmap of included anti-obesity medication study count in the Arab world (N=59).
- Figure 4
- Number of included studies by type of anti-obesity medications (N=59). Some studies were counted more than once because they included multiple types of anti-obesity medication. GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1
Tables
Authors Countries Study designs Sample sizes Female (%) Age (yrs) Population/diagnosis Anti-obesity medication (intervention) Duration of intervention (months) Route of AOM administration Dosage of AOM Frequency of AOM Primary outcome(s) Risk of bias (RoB) Non-randomized studies (n=53) Bashier et al32 UAE Retrospective cohort study 54 74.0% 50.6±11.1 Adult/T2DM Exenatide 6.0 Subcutaneous 0.005-0.01 mg Twice daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) Moderate Bashier et al33 UAE Prospective cohort study 463 71.0% 50.4±10.0 Adult/T2DM Liraglutide 6.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) Moderate Mosli et al34 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 108 71.3% 33.7±9.1 Adult/obesity undergone bariatric surgery Liraglutide 6.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW and BMI) Low Alharbi et al25 Saudi Arabia Prospective cohort study 45 - 51.5±12.9 Adult/T2DM Liraglutide 6.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-1.8 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c and BP) N/A‡ Shaghouli et al21 Kuwait Retrospective case series - - - Adult/T2DM Liraglutide 15.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW) N/A‡ Elhag et al68 Qatar Retrospective cohort study 129 86.0% 42.9±10.4 Adult/obesity Lorcaserin & phentermine 3.0 Oral Lorcaserin: 10 mg; phentermine: 37.5 mg Lorcaserin: twice daily; phentermine: once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, BMI, and weight loss proportion %) Moderate Allum et al20 UAE Retrospective cohort study 41 70.7% 37.6±8.1 Adult/obesity undergone bariatric surgery Liraglutide ≥4.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW and BMI) N/A‡ Almarshad et al69 Saudi Arabia Case report 1 0.0% 35 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 1.5 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW and BMI) High Albarkah et al35 Saudi Arabia Prospective cohort study 38 55.2% 50.6±10.8 Adult/T2DM Liraglutide 12.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c and BP) High Buckley et al36 UAE Retrospective cohort study 322 - - Adult/obesity Liraglutide 13.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (weight loss proportion %) Moderate Suliman et al37 UAE Prospective cohort study 2,092 75.0% 38* Adult/obesity Liraglutide ≥4.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (weight loss proportion %) Moderate Al Hayek et al38 Saudi Arabia Prospective cohort study 71 53.1% 48.7±10† Adult/T2DM, obesity Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Patient satisfaction High Khedr et al39 Egypt Pilot of non-randomized controlled trial 160 50.0% 46.4±5.9 Adult/obesity Orlistat 2.0 Oral 120 mg Twice daily for 30 days, followed by once daily for 30 days Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW) Moderate Allum et al26 UAE Retrospective cohort study 90 65.6% 40±13.5† Adult/obesity NB 3.0 Oral 8/90 mg Start with once daily, increasing weekly to 4 times daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW) N/A‡ Non-randomized studies (n=53) Aboddy et al40 Iraq Retrospective cohort study 117 81.1% - Adult/obesity Metformin, Orlistat 4.0 Oral 500 mg 3 time daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI and weight loss proportion %) Moderate Alshahrani et al30 Saudi Arabia Cross-sectional study 404 28.2% - Adult/obesity Non-prescribed weight reduction products - - - - Assess the relationship between BMI and weight reduction products, specifically focusing on the perceptions and usage patterns of non-prescribed WRPs N/A‡ Alrowais et al70 Saudi Arabia Cross-sectional study 68 54.4% 54.4±9.5 Adult/T2DM, obesity Liraglutide 12.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-1.8 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW and BMI) High Albaker et al71 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 258 87.0% 37.8±1.0 Adult/obesity Liraglutide ≥4 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW) Moderate Hussein et al41 Egypt Non-randomized controlled trial 100 100.0% 37.7±11.8 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI, WC, and WHR) Moderate Suliman et al22 UAE Prospective cohort study 787 75.0% 38.0* Adult/obesity Liraglutide ≥4 - - - Effect on anthropometric parameters (weight loss proportion %) N/A‡ Rahmah et al42 Iraq Retrospective cohort study 27 48.1% 48±9.2† Adult/T2DM, obesity Liraglutide 7.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (weight loss proportion %) Moderate Aleidi et al43 Saudi Arabia, Jordan Prospective cohort study 101 61.5% 45.3±10.5 Adult/T2DM, obesity Metformin ≥6.0 Oral 500 mg 3 times daily Metabolic changes of long-term use of metformin (Metabolite dysregulation) Moderate Moujaes et al46 Lebanon Retrospective cohort study 100 80.0% 41.9±12.5 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW and WC) Moderate Elhag et al44 Qatar Retrospective cohort study 145 82.8% 43.3±10.5 Adult/obesity undergone bariatric surgery Liraglutide 12.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, BMI and weight loss proportion %) Moderate Alanazi et al45 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 200 40.0% 53±0.96† Adult/T2DM Orlistat 6.0 Oral 120 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI); effect on cardiometabolic indices (Lipid panel and BP) Moderate Jamal et al28 Kuwait Retrospective cohort study 89 - - Adult/obesity undergone bariatric surgery Semaglutide 3.0 - - - Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, BMI, and weight loss proportion %) N/A‡ Alshehri et al72 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 399 74.4% 46.4±12.1 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 6.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW and weight loss proportion %) Moderate Jamal et al60 Kuwait Retrospective cohort study 57 73.7% 36.7±7.3 Adult/obesity undergone bariatric surgery Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW and weight loss proportion %) Moderate Non-randomized studies (n=53) Ajabnoor et al47 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 72 61.0% 55±8.32† Adult/T2DM Liraglutide or Semaglutide ≥6.0 Subcutaneous Semaglutide: ≥0.25 mg & liraglutide: 0.6-3.0 mg Semaglutide: once weekly & liraglutide: once daily dose Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) Moderate Alfadda et al29 Saudi Arabia Prospective cohort study 28 64.0% 36±11.6 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (weight loss proportion %); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c); effect on CAP score N/A‡ Allum et al27 UAE Retrospective cohort study 87 76.0% 39.7* Adult/obesity Semaglutide 6.0 Subcutaneous Average dose: ≥0.5 mg Once weekly Effect on anthropometric parameters (weight loss proportion %) N/A‡ Mawardi et al48 Saudi Arabia Case series 3 100.0% 34±4.8 Adult/obesity Semaglutide 1.5, 3.0, 4.0 Subcutaneous Average dose: 0.5 mg Once weekly Possible association with secondary xerostomia High Farooqi et al49 UAE Case report 1 100.0% 20 Adult/obesity Tirzepatide 1.5 Subcutaneous 2.5-7.5 mg Once weekly Possible association with developing DVT High Alidrisi et al50 Iraq Prospective cohort study 55 60.0% 46.5±8.7 Adult/T2DM, obesity Liraglutide 6.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-1.2 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) Moderate Buckley et al51 UAE Retrospective cohort study 3,686 59.2% 54.1±11.5 Adult/T2DM, obesity Tirzepatide 10.0 Subcutaneous 2.5-12.5 mg Once weekly Effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) Moderate Alorayyidh et al23 Saudi Arabia Prospective cohort study 19 - - Adult/obesity Liraglutide 13.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Influence of GLP-1 on liking behavior N/A‡ Shaghouli et al24 Kuwait Prospective cohort study 91 78.0% 43* Adult/obesity Semaglutide 3.0 Oral Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, BMI, and weight loss proportion %) N/A‡ Alghamdi et al73 Saudi Arabia Case report 1 100.0% 29 Adult/obesity Semaglutide & dulaglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous Semaglutide: Average dose: 0.5 then 1.0 mg & dulaglutide: 1.5 mg Once weekly Possible association with developing autoimmune-like hepatitis and cholelithiasis High Hussein et al52 Saudi Arabia Cross-sectional study 96 100.0% - Adult/obesity Liraglutide, semaglutide, and orlistat Subcutaneous/oral Liraglutide: 6 mg; semaglutide: 1 mg; orlistat: 120 mg Liraglutide: once daily, semaglutide: once weekly, and orlistat: once daily Frequent use of anti-obesity medication and herbal mixtures among college students High Khalaf et al53 Saudi Arabia Cross-sectional study 361 38.5% 28±11.9 Adult/PHC visitors Evaluate knowledge, perception, and prevalence of anti-obesity medications usage among PHC visitors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia High Alfadda et al54 Saudi Arabia Prospective cohort study 23 65.0% 36±10.9 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect in the plasma metabolome High Masood et al55 Saudi Arabia Prospective cohort study 20 - 36±11.1 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect in the plasma metabolome Moderate Gad et al56 Egypt Non-randomized controlled trial 180 48.0% 47.3±6.0 Adult/T2DM, obesity, MASLD Semaglutide 12.0 Subcutaneous: ozempic; oral: rybelsus Ozempic: average 0.25-2.0 mg; rybelsus: 3.0 mg with titration Ozempic: once weekly; rybelsus: once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI); effect on cardiometabolic indices (LFT, and Lipid profile); effect on liver fibrosis parameters Moderate Non-randomized studies (n=53) Albahli et al57 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 102 55.2% 60.4±8.8 Adult/T2DM, dyslipidemia Dulaglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 1.5 mg Once weekly Effect on some cardiometabolic indices (triglycerides and LDL-C levels) High Albargawi et al58 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 205 77.4% 52±10.9 Adult/T2DM Dulaglutide 12.0 Subcutaneous 1.5 mg Once weekly Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, and BMI); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) High Alenzi et al59 Saudi Arabia Retrospective cohort study 363 50.4% 52.6±8.0 Adult/T2DM, obesity Semaglutide 12.0 Subcutaneous Average dose: 0.5 or 1.0 mg Once weekly Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, and BMI); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) Moderate El-Mezayen et al78 Egypt Cross-sectional study 462 98.4% - Adult/obesity Liraglutide, orlistat, metformin Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI) during COVID-19 pandemic High Alshahawey et al31 Egypt Cost effectiveness analysis - - - Adult/obesity Semaglutide/liraglutide 17.0 Subcutaneous Semaglutide: 2.4 mg; Liraglutide: 3.0 mg Semaglutide: once weekly; Liraglutide: once daily Compare the cost and clinical outcomes of semaglutide vs. liraglutide on weight loss in people with overweight and obesity N/A§ Jamal et al61 Kuwait Retrospective cohort study 115 80.9% 38.8±10.4 Adult/obesity undergone bariatric surgery Semaglutide or tirzepatide 6.0 Subcutaneous Semaglutide: 0.25 mg; Tirzepatide: 2.5 mg Weekly, increasing dose regimen Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, and weight loss proportion %) High Abdelmannan et al62 UAE Retrospective cohort study 338 58.0% 57.0±9.3 Adult/T2DM Exenatide, liraglutide, and dulaglutide 12.0 Subcutaneous Exenatide: 2 mg; Liraglutide: 1.8 mg, Dulaglutide: 1.5 mg Exenatide: once weekly; Liraglutide: once daily; Dulaglutide: once weekly Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW); effect on cardiometabolic indices (HbA1c) Moderate Al Ghareeb et al74 Saudi Arabia Case report 1 100.0% 38 Adult/obesity Liraglutide 3.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, BMI, and weight loss proportion %) High Zakaria et al63 UAE Retrospective cohort study 115 60.0% 43.1±9.9 Adult/obesity, prediabetes Semaglutide, liraglutide, and tirzepatide, 6.0 Subcutaneous Semaglutide: 0.25-1.0 mg; Liraglutide: 6.0 mg; Tirzepatide: 2.5-7.0 or 10.0 mg Semaglutide: once weekly; Liraglutide: once daily; Tirzepatide: once weekly Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, BMI, weight loss proportion %, fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass) High Iqbal et al64 Kuwait Case report 1 100.0% 21 Adult/obesity Tirzepatide 0.75 Subcutaneous 5.0 mg Once weekly Possible association with developing ketoacidosis in non-diabetic adults High Randomized controlled trials (n=6) Al-Kuraishy et al65 Iraq Randomized controlled trial 99 0.0% 41.5±2.9 Adult/obesity Orlistat 3.0 Oral 120 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI, visceral adiposity index); effect on cardiometabolic indices (lipid panel, BP, blood glucose) High Randomized controlled trials (n=6) Aziz et al75 Iraq Pilot of randomized controlled trial 50 76.5% 44.9±8.7 Adult/metabolic syndrome Metformin 3.0 Oral 500 mg 3 times daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI, WC, VAI); effect on cardiometabolic indices (glycemic status, HbA1c, insulin resistance, lipid profile, LFT, kidney function) High Esmail et al66 Iraq Randomized controlled trial 50 70.0% 43.2±9.1 Adult/NAFLD Orlistat 3.0 Oral 120 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (BMI, waist circumference, waist to height ratio, ABSI, ABF) High Aljamal et al76 Jordan Randomized controlled trial 60 0.0% - Adult/Obesity Orlistat 1.0 Oral 120 mg Once daily Effect on cardiometabolic indices (lipid panel, BP, blood glucose) High Aiad et al77 Egypt Randomized controlled trial 60 88.0% 51.6±5.9 Adult/obesity, osteoarthritis Metformin 3.0 Oral 500 mg Twice daily Effect on serum levels of cartilage biomarkers (COMP, CTX-1, and IL-1b); effect on WOMAC score (pain, stiffness, functionality) Low Hany et al67 Egypt Randomized controlled trial 80 71.0% 37.7±10.9 Adult/obesity undergone bariatric surgery Liraglutide 6.0 Subcutaneous 0.6-3.0 mg Once daily Effect on anthropometric parameters (TBW, BMI, and weight loss proportion %) ABSI: a body shape index, BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure, CAP: controlled attenuation parameter, COMP: cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, CTX-1: C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, IL-1b: interleukin-1 beta, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LFT: liver function test, MASLD: metabolic dysfunction - associated steatotic liver disease, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, PHC: primary healthcare center, RoB: risk of bias, TBW: total body weight, UAE: United Arab Emirates, VAI: visceral adiposity index, WC: waist circumference, WHR: waist-to-hip ratio, WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, WRPs: weight-reduction products
↵* Reported as the mean with no standard deviation.
↵† These values are estimated on the basis of the data provided in the source studies, as the specific statistic was not explicitly reported.
↵‡ RoB assessment not applicable; studies available only as abstracts.
↵§ Standard RoB assessment not applicable to this economic analysis - indicates unavailable data.
- Table 2
- Summary of included studies overall and by type of anti-obesity medications evaluated (N=59).
Variables Overall Receptor agonists GLP-1 Dual GIP/GLP-1 Non-GLP-1 GLP-1 and non-GLP-1 Not reported Studies 59 (100.0) 39 (66.1) 5 (8.5) 12 (20.3) 2 (3.4) 1 (1.7) Year of publication 2014-2019 13 (22.0) 11 (28.2) 0 (0.0) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2020-2024 46 (78.0) 28 (71.8) 5 (100.0) 10 (83.3) 2 (100.0) 1 (100.0) Study design Cohort studies 37 (62.7) 29 (74.4) 3 (60.0) 5 (41.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Case report/series 7 (11.9) 5 (12.8) 2 (40.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Cross-sectional studies 5 (8.5) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 2 (100.0) 1 (100.0) Randomized controlled trial 6 (10.2) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 5 (41.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Non-randomized controlled trial 3 (5.0) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Cost-effectiveness analysis 1 (1.7) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Control arm 11 (18.6) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 9 (75.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Country Saudi Arabia 23 (39.0) 19 (48.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (16.7) 1 (50.0) 1 (100.0) UAE 12 (20.3) 8 (20.5) 3 (60.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Egypt 7 (11.9) 4 (10.3) 0 (0.0) 2 (16.7) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) Kuwait 6 (10.2) 4 (10.3) 2 (40.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Iraq 6 (10.2) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 4 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Qatar 2 (3.4) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Jordan 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Lebanon 1 (1.7) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Saudi Arabia, Jordan 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Funded studies 13 (22.0) 9 (23.1) 1 (20.0) 2 (16.7) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) Risk of bias High 21 (35.6) 10 (25.6) 4 (80.0) 4 (33.3) 2 (100) 1 (100) Moderate 22 (37.3) 16 (41.0) 1 (20.0) 5 (41.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Low 3 (5.1) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Not applicable* 13 (22.0) 11 (28.2) 0 (0.0) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Sample size† Median (IQR) 91 (50-180) 80 (38-180) 115 (1-115) 100 (60-145) 279 (96-462) 316§ Range 1-3,686 1-2,092 1-3,686 50-404 96-462 Age, years§ Median (IQR) 43.0 (37.7-48.0) 42.5 (37.4-48.7) 38.8 (20.5-48.6) 44.9 (42.2-49.0) Not mentioned 28§ Range 20.0-60.4 29.0-60.4 20.0-54.1 40.0-53.0 Not mentioned Female (%)¶ Median (IQR) 71.0 (55.2-81.0) 71.2 (56.6-77.7) 80.9 (60.0-100.0) 63.6 (34.1-78.8) 99.2 (98.4-100.0) 38.5§ Range 0.0-100.0 0.0-100.0 59.2-100.0 0.0-88.0 98.4-100.0 Population/diagnosis Obesity 29 (49.2) 18 (46.2) 2 (40.0) 7 (58.3) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.0) Type 2 diabetes 9 (15.3) 8 (20.5) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Obesity undergone bariatric surgery 7 (11.9) 6 (15.4) 1 (20.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Type 2 diabetes and obesity 7 (11.9) 5 (12.8) 1 (20.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia 1 (1.7) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and MASLD 1 (1.7) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) NAFLD 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Metabolic syndrome 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Obesity and osteoarthritis 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Obesity and prediabetes 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (20.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Primary healthcare visitors 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) Type of anti-obesity medications# Liraglutide 32 (54.2) 29 (74.4) 1 (20.0) - 2 (100.0) - Semaglutide 12 (20.3) 9 (23.1) 2 (40.0) - 1 (50.0) - Dulaglutide 4 (6.8) 4 (10.3) - - - - Exenatide 2 (3.4) 2 (5.1) - - - - Tirzepatide 5 (8.5) - 5 (100.0) - - - Orlistat 8 (13.6) - - 6 (50.0) 2 (100.0) - Metformin 5 (8.5) - - 4 (33.3) 1 (50.0) - Lorcaserin and phentermine 1 (1.7) - - 1 (8.3) - - Naltrexone/Bupropion 1 (1.7) - - 1 (8.3) - - Non-prescribed WRPs 1 (1.7) - - 1 (8.3) - - Not reported 1 (1.7) - - - 1 (100.0) Route Subcutaneous 40 (67.8) 35 (89.7) 5 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Oral 12 (20.3) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 11 (91.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Subcutaneous and oral 2 (3.4) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) Not reported 5 (8.5) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 1 (50.0) 1 (100.0) Primary outcome category Anthropometric outcomes 28 (47.5) 20 (51.3) 2 (40.0) 5 (41.7) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) Anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes 14 (23.7) 11 (28.2) 0 (0.0) 3 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Safety and tolerability 4 (6.8) 2 (5.1) 2 (40.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) PROs 3 (5.1) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) Biomarkers and biochemical effects 3 (5.1) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Cardiometabolic outcomes 3 (5.1) 1 (2.6) 1 (20.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Health behaviors/practices 2 (3.4) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) Biomarkers/biochemical effects and PROs 1 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Health economics 1 (1.7) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Primary outcome (anthropometric) TBW 27 (45.8) 22 (56.4) 2 (40.0) 3 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) BMI 23 (39.0) 14 (35.9) 1 (20.0) 7 (58.3) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) Weight loss proportion (%) 17 (28.8) 13 (33.3) 2 (40.0) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Waist circumference 4 (6.8) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) More than one anthropometric measurement† 21 (35.6) 15 (38.5) 2 (40.0) 4 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Primary outcome (cardiometabolic) HbA1c 12 (20.3) 10 (25.6) 1 (20.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Lipid profile 6 (10.2) 2 (5.1) 0 (0.0) 4 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Secondary outcome Cardiometabolic outcomes 17 (28.8) 14 (35.9) 1 (20.0) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes 4 (6.8) 4 (10.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Anthropometric outcomes 3 (5.1) 1 (2.6) 1 (20.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Safety and tolerability 2 (3.4) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers 3 (5.1) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Not reported 30 (50.8) 18 (46.2) 3 (60.0) 7 (58.3) 1 (50.0) 1 (100.0) Side effect GI side effect with additional symptoms 9 (15.3) 4 (10.3) 2 (40.0) 1 (8.3) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.0) GI side effects only 6 (10.2) 3 (7.7) 0 (0.0) 3 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) GI side effects with serious complications 4 (6.8) 4 (10.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Non-GI side effects 2 (3.4) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Not reported 38 (64.4) 27 (69.2) 3 (60.0) 7 (58.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) BMI: body mass index, Dual GIP: dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1, GI: gastrointestinal, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, IQR: interquartile range, MASLD: metabolic dysfunction - associated steatotic liver disease, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, TBW: total body weight, WC: waist circumference, WRP: weight-reduction product
↵* Risk of bias assessment not applicable; studies available only as abstracts or as an economic analysis study.
↵† Sample size reported for 57 studies (2 studies did not report sample size).
‡ IQR and range values are not reported because they are derived from a single study only.
↵§ Age reported for 49 studies (10 studies did not report age).
↵¶ Gender proportion reported for 52 studies (7 studies did not report the gender proportion).
↵# Some studies are counted more than once because they include multiple types of anti-obesity medication.
** Number of studies reported at least 2 anthropometric measurements (TBW, BMI, WC, or weight loss proportion %).
- Appendix 1
- Literature search of anti-obesity medications in Arab countries - SR (Embase 1974-2024 October 04, Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL 1946-October 04, 2024).
# Searches Results 1 exp Overweight/ use medall 287944 2 exp Obesity/ use oemezd 717918 3 (over-weight or overweight or obese* or obesitas or obesity*).tw,kf,kw. 1088852 4 or/1-3 [Overweight/Obese Concept] 1348474 5 exp Anti-Obesity Agents/ use medall 21227 6 exp Antiobesity Agent/ use oemezd 38943 7 ((anti-obesity or antiobesity or anti-obese or antiobese or weight-loss or weightloss or ((body-weight or bodyweight or weight) adj2 (lose? or losing or reduc*))) adj2 (agent? or drug? or medication? or pharmaceutical? or pharmacotherap* or pharma-cotherap* or pharmaco-therap*)).tw,kf,kw. or (aclimostat or ZGN-1061 or ZGN1061).mp. or (beloranib or cdk-732 or cdk732 or zgn-433 or zgn433).mp. or (benfluorex or benfluramate or “SE 780” or “780 SE” or “JP 992” or “S 780”).mp. or (benzphetamine or benzfetamine or benzylamphetamine or benzylmetamphetamine or dextro-benzphetamine or didrex or inapetyl or “l benzphetamine” or “levo benzphetamine” or “n benzyl n methyl 1 phenyl 2 propanamine” or “n benzyl n methylamphetamine” or “n benzyl n,alpha dimethylphenethylamine” or “n benzylmethamphetamine”).mp. or (bio101 or bio-101 or myoda or sarconeos).mp. or (“bupropion hydrochloride, naltrexone hydrochoride drug combination” or (bupropion hydrochloride adj natrexone hydrochloride) or Mysimba or Contrave).mp. or (butenolide or 2-furanone or crotonolactone or 2-B4O or 2-buten-4-olide).mp. or (cagrilintide or am-833 or am833 or nn-9838 or nn9838 or “Nnc-0174 0833” or nnc01740833).mp. or (cetilistat or ATL-962).mp. or (“CGP 71683 A” or CGP71683A or CGP-71683A).mp. or (danuglipron or “pf 06882961” or “pf 06882961 82” or pf06882961 or pf0688296182).mp. or (Diethylpropion or Amfepramon or Amfepramone or Phepranon or 2-Diethylaminopropiophenone or Anorex or Lipomin or Regenon or Dietil-retard or Dietilretard or Regibon or Tenuate or Delgamer or Maruate or Moderatan or Neobes or Nobesine or Propion or Prefamone or Tepanil or “Ifa Norex”).mp. or (efinopegdutide or “hm 12525a” or hm12525a or “jnj 5111” or “jnj 64565111” or jnj5111 or jnj64565111).mp. or (“FG 7142” or “ZK 39106” or “N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide”).mp. or gambi-jung.mp. or hm04.mp. or (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide or Pancreatic Amylin or IAPP Protein or Insulinoma Amyloid Polypeptide or Amlintide or Amylin or IAPP Precursor).mp. or (lipid mobili#ing substance? or fat mobili#ing substance? or lipid mobili#ing factor?).mp. or (livoletide or “azp 531” or azp531 or cyclo).mp. or (norpseudoephedrine or pseudonorephedrine or cathine or exponcit or fasupond or Fugoa Depo).mp. or (oleoyl-estrone or Merlin-2).mp. or (Orlistat or Tetrahydrolipstatin or THLP or Tetrahydrolipastatin or Ro-18-0647 or Xenical).mp. or (perflubron or perfluorooctylbromide or perfluorooctyl bromide or PFOB or perfluoroctylbromide or Imagent GI or L-1913 or LA-11063 or LA11063 or perflubron emulsion or AF0144 or perfluorooctyl iodide or perfluorooctyliodide or Imagent BP or Oxygent).mp. or (Phenmetrazine or Oxazimedrine or Fenmetrazin or Defenmetrazin or Phenmetraline or Preludin).mp. or exp Phentermine/ or (Phentermine or Duromine or Adipex-P or AdipexP or Ionamine or Chlorphentermine or Pre-Sate or Desopimon or Avipron or Mephentermine).mp. or phentermine-topiramate.mp. or exp Phenylpropanolamine/ or (Phenylpropanolamine or Norephedrine or Propagest or Prolamine or Triaminic DM or Dexatrim or Metaraminol or meta-Hydroxynorephedrine or Metaradrin or m-Hydroxyphenylpropanolamine or m-Hydroxynorephedrine or Hydroxyphenylpropanolamine or Isophenylephrine or Aramine or Araminol or p-Hydroxynorephedrine or para-Hydroxynorephedrine or Tolterodine Tartrate or Tolterodine or Detrol or Urotrol or PHA-686464B or PHA686464B or Detrusitol or Unidet).mp. or (pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine or pGlu-His-Gly-OH or Pyr-His-Gly or colon mitosis inhibitor or pyroGlu-His-GlyOH or pGlu-His-Gly or pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH or Ro 14-61332 or anorexigenic peptide).mp. or (Rimonabant or SR141716 or SR 141716 or Zimulti or SR-141716A or SR141716A or Acomplia).mp. or Satietin.mp. or (setmelanotide or “bim 22493” or bim22493 or “cam 4072” or cam4072 or imcivree or “irc 022493” or irc022493 or “rm 493” or rm493).mp. or (sibutramine or di-desmethylsibutramine or didesmethylsibutramine or “(R)-DDMS” or Reductil or mono-desmethylsibutramine or sibutramine hydrochloride or “BTS 54 524” or BTS-54524 or Meridia).mp. or (sucunamostat or “sco 792” or sco792 or “tak 792” or tak792).mp. or Topiramate.mp. or (vutiglabridin or “hsg 4112” or hsg4112).mp. 144736 8 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/ag use medall 2636 9 exp Glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist/ use oemezd 55997 10 (((GLP-1 or GLP1 or GLP-1R or GLP1R or glucagon-like peptide-1) adj2 (agonist? or stimulating agent?)) or ((“long acting GLP 1” or “long acting glucagon like peptide 1” or “longacting glucagon like peptide 1”) adj2 agonist?) or albenatide or (albiglutide or albugon or “albumin GLP 1” or “albumin glucagon like peptide 1” or eperzan or “GLP 1 albumin” or “glucagon like peptide 1 albumin” or “gsk 716155” or “gsk 716155a” or gsk-716155 or gsk716155 or Gsk-716155a or gsk716155a or naliglutide or syncria or tanzeum) or beinaglutide or (“cjc 1131” or cjc1131) or (cotadutide or “medi 0382” or medi0382) or (danuglipron or “pf 06882961” or “pf 06882961 82” or pf06882961 or pf0688296182) or (dulaglutide or “ly 05008” or “ly 2189265” or ly05008 or ly2189265 or trulicity) or (ecnoglutide or “xw 004” or xw004) or (efocipegtrutide or “hm 15211” or hm15211) or (efpeglenatide or “hm 11260c” or hm11260c or “LAPS exendin 4” or “sar 439977” or sar439977) or elsiglutide or (exenatide or “ac 002993” or ac002993 or AC-2993 or ac2993 or “ac 2993a” or ac2993a or Bydureon or Byetta or “da 3091” or da3091 or “dlp 414” or dlp414 or “exendin 4” or “Ex4 Peptide” or exenasphere or “ft 228” or ft228 or “itca 650” or itca650 or “ly 2148568” or ly2148568 or “ormd 0901” or ormd0901 or “pt 302” or pt302) or (“insulin degludec plus liraglutide” or ideglira or “insulin degludec/liraglutide” or “liraglutide plus insulin degludec” or “liraglutide/insulin degludec” or “nn 9068” or nn9068 or xultophy or “xultophy 100/3.6”) or (“insulin glargine plus lixisenatide” or “ave 0010 / hoe 901” or “ave0010/hoe901” or “hoe 901 / ave 0010” or “hoe901/ave0010” or iglarlixi or “insulin glargine/lixisenatide” or “lantus/lyxumia” or lixilan or “lixilan l” or “lixilan o” or “lixisenatide plus insulin glargine” or “lixisenatide/insulin glargine” or “lyxumia/lantus” or soliqua or suliqua) or (liraglutide or “4p 004” or 4p004 or “nn 2211” or nn2211 or “nnc 90 1170” or “nnc 90-1170” or “nnc90 1170” or nnc90-1170 or “rd 12014” or rd12014 or Saxenda or Victoza) or (lixisenatide or adlyxin or “aqve 10010” or aqve10010 or “ave 0010” or “ave0010 des 38 proline exendine 4 [1-39]peptidylpentalysyllysinamide” or lyxumia or “zp 10” or zp10) or (“ly 307161” or ly307161) or “lys 40 (nodaga ga 68)nh2 exendin 4” or (mazdutide or “ibi 362” or ibi362 or “ly 3305677” or ly3305677 or “oxm 3” or oxm3) or (pegapamodutide or “ly 2944876” or ly2944876 or “tt 401” or tt401) or (pegloxenatide or “pex 168” or pex168) or (pemvidutide or “alt 801” or alt801 or “sp 1373” or sp1373 or “vpd 107” or vpd107) or (retatrutide or “ly 3437943” or ly3437943) or (semaglutide or Ozempic or Rybelsus or Wegovy or “nn 9535” or nn9535 or “nn 9924” or nn9924 or “nnc 0113 0217” or nnc01130217 or “og 217 sc” or “og 217sc” or og217sc) or (taspoglutide or “bim 51077” or bim51077 or “itm 077” or itm077 or “r 1583” or r1583 or “ro 5073031” or ro5073031) or (tirzepatide or LY3298176 or “ly 3298176” or mounjaro) or utreglutide or (vurolenatide or glp1-xten or “nb 1001” or nb1001 or “nm 002” or nm002 or xten-glp1)).mp. or Carnitine/ or (levocarnitine or “Vitamin BT” or L-Carnitine or Bicarnesine).mp. or Naltrexone-bupropion.mp. 90519 11 or/5-10 [Anti-Obesity Medication Concept] 261410 12 4 and 11 [Obesity/Overweight + Anti-Obesity Medication] 51375 13 exp *Overweight/dt use medall 7543 14 exp *Obesity/dt use oemezd 17134 15 or/12-14 [ALL Obesity/Overweight + Anti-Obesity Medication] 64488 16 (Algeria/ or Bahrain/ or Comoros/ or Djibouti/ or Egypt/ or Iraq/ or Jordan/ or Kuwait/ or Lebanon/ or Libya/ or Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/ or Mauritania/ or Morocco/ or Oman/ or Palestine/ or Qatar/ or Saudi Arabia/ or Somalia/ or South Sudan/ or Sudan/ or Syrian Arab Republic/ or Tunisia/ or exp United Arab Emirates/ or Yemen/ or Arabs/ or Arab World/ or Africa, Eastern/ or East African People/ or East African/ or Middle East/ or Middle Eastern People/ or “Middle Eastern and North Africans”/ or Africa, Northern/ or North African People/ or North Africa/ or North African/) use medall 113023 17 (exp Algeria/ or exp Bahrain/ or exp Comoros/ or exp Djibouti/ or exp Egypt/ or exp Iraq/ or exp Jordan/ or exp Kuwait/ or exp Lebanon/ or exp Libya/ or exp Mauritania/ or exp Morocco/ or exp Oman/ or exp Palestine/ or exp Qatar/ or exp Saudi Arabia/ or exp Somalia/ or exp South Sudan/ or exp Sudan/ or exp Syrian Arab Republic/ or exp Tunisia/ or exp United Arab Emirates/ or exp Yemen/ or exp Arab/ or exp North Africa/ or Middle East/) use oemezd 169832 18 (Algeria or Algerian? or Bahrain or Manama or Bahraini? or Comoros or Comores or Mayotte or Moroni or Comorian? or Shikomor? or Djibouti or Somaliland or Djiboutian? or Djiboutien? or Egypt or Cairo or “United Arab Republic” or Egyptian? or Iraq or Baghdad or Iraqi? or Jordan or Amman or Transjordan or Jordanian? or Kuwait or Kuweit or Kuwaiti? or Lebanon or Leban* or Liban* or Lubnan* or Lobnan* or Lebanese or Libya or Libia or Libyan? or Tripoli or Mauritania* or Nouakchott or Morrocco or Morocco or Ifni or Rabat or Moroccan? or Oman or Muscat or Omani? or Palestine or Gaza or Ghaza or Ghazza or West Bank or Palestinian? or Qatar or Doha or Katar or Quatar or Qatari? or Saudi? or KSA or Riyadh or Somali? or Mogadishu or South Sudan or Juba or South Sudanese or Sudan or Khartoum or Sudanese or Syria or Damascus or Syrian? or Tunisia or Tunesia or Tunis or Tunisian? or United Arab Emirates or UAE or Abu dhabi or Ajman or Dubai or Sharjah or Trucial state? or Emirati? or Yemen or Aden or Sanaa or “Sana’a” or Yemeni? or East Mediterranean or Eastern Mediterranean or EMRO or Levant or Levantine? or (MENA adj2 region?) or Arab? or Arabia or Arabian? or Arabic World or East African? or Eastern Africa or Eastern African? or Middle East or MENA or Middle Eastern? or Maghreb or North Africa? or Northern Africa? or Meghrebis or Meghrebian?).ab,cp,gi,in,ia,jw,jx,kf,kw,lg,ti. 1848329 19 or/16-18 [Arab Countries Concept] 1873790 20 15 and 19 [Obesity/Overweight + Anti-Obesity Medication + Arab Countries Concept] 2545 21 exp Adult/ or (adult or adults or adulthood).tw,kf,kw. or (man or men or woman or women).tw,kf,kw. or middle-age?.tw,kf,kw. or age?.tw,kf,kw. or (elderly or geriatric* or gerontolog* or old-age? or senior?).tw,kf,kw. or (older adj2 (female? or male? or patient? or person? or people? or population?)).tw,kf,kw. [Adults] 26304509 22 20 and 21 [Obesity + Drug Therapy + Arab Countries + Adults] 987 23 (exp Child/ not (exp Adult/ and exp Child/)) or (exp Child/ not (Adolescent/ and exp Child/)) or (exp Infant/ not (exp Adult/ and exp Infant/)) or (exp Infant/ not (Adolescent/ and exp infant/)) 4994362 24 20 not 23 [Child-/Infant-Only Removed] 2474 25 22 or 24 [Obesity + Drug Therapy + Arab Countries + ALL Adults] 2515 26 (exp animals/ or exp animal experimentation/ or exp models animal/ or exp animal experiment/ or nonhuman/ or exp vertebrate/) not (exp humans/ or exp human experiment/) [Animal Only] 12818039 27 25 not 26 [Obesity + Drug Therapy + Arab Countries + ALL Adults + Human] 1944 28 (202311* or 202312* or 2024* or 2025*).ed,dt. use medall or (202311* or 202312* or 2024* or 2025*).dc,dd. use oemezd 3661941 29 27 and 28 [Obesity + Drug Therapy + Arab Countries + ALL Adults + Human, 2023 Nov-current] 350 30 remove duplicates from 29 [Final set, duplicates removed] 272 [268 after duplicates removed] – Literature search
Related SR: 34895470.ui.
Date(s): 2023 Nov 29-2024 Oct 7 (update, as run)
Limits: year range, as above
Databases: Ovid Medline [medall], Embase [oemezd]; The Cochrane Library [cctr]; Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR) (https://vlibrary.emro.who.int/searchd/?database=imemr&records=); E-Marefa database (https://search.emarefa.net/en)
Filters: adults OR NOT Child/Infant Only; NOT Animal Only
Search output: RIS (for Covidence)
Syntax definitions: AB: abstract, CP: country of publication, GI: grant information, IN: institution, IA: investigator affiliation, JW: journal word (Medline), JX: journal word (Embase), KF: keyword heading word, KW: keyword heading, TI: title, LG: language
- Appendix 2
- Literature search of anti-obesity medications in Arab countries - SR the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL).
# Searches Results 1 exp Overweight/ 25617 2 (over-weight or overweight or obese* or obesitas or obesity*).tw,kf,kw. 59595 3 or/1-2 [Overweight/Obese Concept] 62817 4 exp Anti-Obesity Agents/ 2642 5 ((anti-obesity or antiobesity or anti-obese or antiobese or weight-loss or weightloss or ((body-weight or bodyweight or weight) adj2 (lose? or losing or reduc*))) adj2 (agent? or drug? or medication? or pharmaceutical? or pharmacotherap* or pharma-cotherap* or pharmaco-therap*)).tw,kf,kw. or (aclimostat or ZGN-1061 or ZGN1061).mp. or (beloranib or cdk-732 or cdk732 or zgn-433 or zgn433).mp. or (benfluorex or benfluramate or “SE 780” or “780 SE” or “JP 992” or “S 780”).mp. or (benzphetamine or benzfetamine or benzylamphetamine or benzylmetamphetamine or dextro-benzphetamine or didrex or inapetyl or “l benzphetamine” or “levo benzphetamine” or “n benzyl n methyl 1 phenyl 2 propanamine” or “n benzyl n methylamphetamine” or “n benzyl n,alpha dimethylphenethylamine” or “n benzylmethamphetamine”).mp. or (bio101 or bio-101 or myoda or sarconeos).mp. or (“bupropion hydrochloride, naltrexone hydrochoride drug combination” or (bupropion hydrochloride adj natrexone hydrochloride) or Mysimba or Contrave).mp. or (butenolide or 2-furanone or crotonolactone or 2-B4O or 2-buten-4-olide).mp. or (cagrilintide or am-833 or am833 or nn-9838 or nn9838 or “Nnc-0174 0833” or nnc01740833).mp. or (cetilistat or ATL-962).mp. or (“CGP 71683 A” or CGP71683A or CGP-71683A).mp. or (danuglipron or “pf 06882961” or “pf 06882961 82” or pf06882961 or pf0688296182).mp. or (Diethylpropion or Amfepramon or Amfepramone or Phepranon or 2-Diethylaminopropiophenone or Anorex or Lipomin or Regenon or Dietil-retard or Dietilretard or Regibon or Tenuate or Delgamer or Maruate or Moderatan or Neobes or Nobesine or Propion or Prefamone or Tepanil or “Ifa Norex”).mp. or (efinopegdutide or “hm 12525a” or hm12525a or “jnj 5111” or “jnj 64565111” or jnj5111 or jnj64565111).mp. or (“FG 7142” or “ZK 39106” or “N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide”).mp. or gambi-jung.mp. or hm04.mp. or (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide or Pancreatic Amylin or IAPP Protein or Insulinoma Amyloid Polypeptide or Amlintide or Amylin or IAPP Precursor).mp. or (lipid mobili#ing substance? or fat mobili#ing substance? or lipid mobili#ing factor?).mp. or (livoletide or “azp 531” or azp531 or cyclo).mp. or (norpseudoephedrine or pseudonorephedrine or cathine or exponcit or fasupond or Fugoa Depo).mp. or (oleoyl-estrone or Merlin-2).mp. or (Orlistat or Tetrahydrolipstatin or THLP or Tetrahydrolipastatin or Ro-18-0647 or Xenical).mp. or (perflubron or perfluorooctylbromide or perfluorooctyl bromide or PFOB or perfluoroctylbromide or Imagent GI or L-1913 or LA-11063 or LA11063 or perflubron emulsion or AF0144 or perfluorooctyl iodide or perfluorooctyliodide or Imagent BP or Oxygent).mp. or (Phenmetrazine or Oxazimedrine or Fenmetrazin or Defenmetrazin or Phenmetraline or Preludin).mp. or exp Phentermine/ or (Phentermine or Duromine or Adipex-P or AdipexP or Ionamine or Chlorphentermine or Pre-Sate or Desopimon or Avipron or Mephentermine).mp. or phentermine-topiramate.mp. or exp Phenylpropanolamine/ or (Phenylpropanolamine or Norephedrine or Propagest or Prolamine or Triaminic DM or Dexatrim or Metaraminol or meta-Hydroxynorephedrine or Metaradrin or m-Hydroxyphenylpropanolamine or m-Hydroxynorephedrine or Hydroxyphenylpropanolamine or Isophenylephrine or Aramine or Araminol or p-Hydroxynorephedrine or para-Hydroxynorephedrine or Tolterodine Tartrate or Tolterodine or Detrol or Urotrol or PHA-686464B or PHA686464B or Detrusitol or Unidet).mp. or (pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine or pGlu-His-Gly-OH or Pyr-His-Gly or colon mitosis inhibitor or pyroGlu-His-GlyOH or pGlu-His-Gly or pyro-Glu-His-Gly-OH or Ro 14-61332 or anorexigenic peptide).mp. or (Rimonabant or SR141716 or SR 141716 or Zimulti or SR-141716A or SR141716A or Acomplia).mp. or Satietin.mp. or (setmelanotide or “bim 22493” or bim22493 or “cam 4072” or cam4072 or imcivree or “irc 022493” or irc022493 or “rm 493” or rm493).mp. or (sibutramine or di-desmethylsibutramine or didesmethylsibutramine or “(R)-DDMS” or Reductil or mono-desmethylsibutramine or sibutramine hydrochloride or “BTS 54 524” or BTS-54524 or Meridia).mp. or (sucunamostat or “sco 792” or sco792 or “tak 792” or tak792).mp. or Topiramate.mp. or (vutiglabridin or “hsg 4112” or hsg4112).mp. 5942 6 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/ag 31 7 (((GLP-1 or GLP1 or GLP-1R or GLP1R or glucagon-like peptide-1) adj2 (agonist? or stimulating agent?)) or ((“long acting GLP 1” or “long acting glucagon like peptide 1” or “longacting glucagon like peptide 1”) adj2 agonist?) or albenatide or (albiglutide or albugon or “albumin GLP 1” or “albumin glucagon like peptide 1” or eperzan or “GLP 1 albumin” or “glucagon like peptide 1 albumin” or “gsk 716155” or “gsk 716155a” or gsk-716155 or gsk716155 or Gsk-716155a or gsk716155a or naliglutide or syncria or tanzeum) or beinaglutide or (“cjc 1131” or cjc1131) or (cotadutide or “medi 0382” or medi0382) or (danuglipron or “pf 06882961” or “pf 06882961 82” or pf06882961 or pf0688296182) or (dulaglutide or “ly 05008” or “ly 2189265” or ly05008 or ly2189265 or trulicity) or (ecnoglutide or “xw 004” or xw004) or (efocipegtrutide or “hm 15211” or hm15211) or (efpeglenatide or “hm 11260c” or hm11260c or “LAPS exendin 4” or “sar 439977” or sar439977) or elsiglutide or (exenatide or “ac 002993” or ac002993 or AC-2993 or ac2993 or “ac 2993a” or ac2993a or Bydureon or Byetta or “da 3091” or da3091 or “dlp 414” or dlp414 or “exendin 4” or “Ex4 Peptide” or exenasphere or “ft 228” or ft228 or “itca 650” or itca650 or “ly 2148568” or ly2148568 or “ormd 0901” or ormd0901 or “pt 302” or pt302) or (“insulin degludec plus liraglutide” or ideglira or “insulin degludec/liraglutide” or “liraglutide plus insulin degludec” or “liraglutide/insulin degludec” or “nn 9068” or nn9068 or xultophy or “xultophy 100/3.6”) or (“insulin glargine plus lixisenatide” or “ave 0010 / hoe 901” or “ave0010/hoe901” or “hoe 901 / ave 0010” or “hoe901/ave0010” or iglarlixi or “insulin glargine/lixisenatide” or “lantus/lyxumia” or lixilan or “lixilan l” or “lixilan o” or “lixisenatide plus insulin glargine” or “lixisenatide/insulin glargine” or “lyxumia/lantus” or soliqua or suliqua) or (liraglutide or “4p 004” or 4p004 or “nn 2211” or nn2211 or “nnc 90 1170” or “nnc 90-1170” or “nnc90 1170” or nnc90-1170 or “rd 12014” or rd12014 or Saxenda or Victoza) or (lixisenatide or adlyxin or “aqve 10010” or aqve10010 or “ave 0010” or “ave0010 des 38 proline exendine 4 [1-39]peptidylpentalysyllysinamide” or lyxumia or “zp 10” or zp10) or (“ly 307161” or ly307161) or “lys 40 (nodaga ga 68)nh2 exendin 4” or (mazdutide or “ibi 362” or ibi362 or “ly 3305677” or ly3305677 or “oxm 3” or oxm3) or (pegapamodutide or “ly 2944876” or ly2944876 or “tt 401” or tt401) or (pegloxenatide or “pex 168” or pex168) or (pemvidutide or “alt 801” or alt801 or “sp 1373” or sp1373 or “vpd 107” or vpd107) or (retatrutide or “ly 3437943” or ly3437943) or (semaglutide or Ozempic or Rybelsus or Wegovy or “nn 9535” or nn9535 or “nn 9924” or nn9924 or “nnc 0113 0217” or nnc01130217 or “og 217 sc” or “og 217sc” or og217sc) or (taspoglutide or “bim 51077” or bim51077 or “itm 077” or itm077 or “r 1583” or r1583 or “ro 5073031” or ro5073031) or (tirzepatide or LY3298176 or “ly 3298176” or mounjaro) or utreglutide or (vurolenatide or glp1-xten or “nb 1001” or nb1001 or “nm 002” or nm002 or xten-glp1)).mp. or Carnitine/ or (levocarnitine or “Vitamin BT” or L-Carnitine or Bicarnesine).mp. or Naltrexone-bupropion.mp. 8639 8 or/4-7 [Anti-Obesity Medication Concept] 14719 9 3 and 8 [Obesity/Overweight + Anti-Obesity Medication] 4108 10 Algeria/ or Bahrain/ or Comoros/ or Djibouti/ or Egypt/ or Iraq/ or Jordan/ or Kuwait/ or Lebanon/ or Libya/ or Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/ or Mauritania/ or Morocco/ or Oman/ or Palestine/ or Qatar/ or Saudi Arabia/ or Somalia/ or South Sudan/ or Sudan/ or Syrian Arab Republic/ or Tunisia/ or exp United Arab Emirates/ or Yemen/ or Arabs/ or Arab World/ or Africa, Eastern/ or East African People/ or East African/ or Middle East/ or Middle Eastern People/ or “Middle Eastern and North Africans”/ or Africa, Northern/ or North African People/ or North Africa/ or North African/ 2120 11 (Algeria or Algerian? or Bahrain or Manama or Bahraini? or Comoros or Comores or Mayotte or Moroni or Comorian? or Shikomor? or Djibouti or Somaliland or Djiboutian? or Djiboutien? or Egypt or Cairo or “United Arab Republic” or Egyptian? or Iraq or Baghdad or Iraqi? or Jordan or Amman or Transjordan or Jordanian? or Kuwait or Kuweit or Kuwaiti? or Lebanon or Leban* or Liban* or Lubnan* or Lobnan* or Lebanese or Libya or Libia or Libyan? or Tripoli or Mauritania* or Nouakchott or Morrocco or Morocco or Ifni or Rabat or Moroccan? or Oman or Muscat or Omani? or Palestine or Gaza or Ghaza or Ghazza or West Bank or Palestinian? or Qatar or Doha or Katar or Quatar or Qatari? or Saudi? or KSA or Riyadh or Somali? or Mogadishu or South Sudan or Juba or South Sudanese or Sudan or Khartoum or Sudanese or Syria or Damascus or Syrian? or Tunisia or Tunesia or Tunis or Tunisian? or United Arab Emirates or UAE or Abu dhabi or Ajman or Dubai or Sharjah or Trucial state? or Emirati? or Yemen or Aden or Sanaa or “Sana’a” or Yemeni? or East Mediterranean or Eastern Mediterranean or EMRO or Levant or Levantine? or (MENA adj2 region?) or Arab? or Arabia or Arabian? or Arabic World or East African? or Eastern Africa or Eastern African? or Middle East or MENA or Middle Eastern? or Maghreb or North Africa? or Northern Africa? or Meghrebis or Meghrebian?).ab,cp,in,jw,kw,lg,ti. 24601 12 or/10-11 [Arab Countries Concept] 24897 13 9 and 12 [Final set, Obesity/Overweight + Anti-Obesity Medication + Arab Countries Concept] 23 14 limit 13 to yr=”2023 -Current” 3 [2 after duplicates removed]
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