Systematic ReviewScoping Review
Open Access

Clinical studies on anti-obesity medications in Arab countries

Haifa F. AlOtaibi, Hanan N. Al Taib, Shadan AlMuhaidib, Saud Alshagrawi, Abdulmalik Almufarrih, Ola Alalmai, Sahar Alnaserallah, Najla Alodah, Saleh A. Alqahtani and Waleed Alhazzani
Saudi Medical Journal May 2025, 46 (5) 459-477; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2025.46.5.20250126

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Altekhaifi F,
    2. Alfahead F,
    3. Alshangiti A.
    A new approach to censuses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Stat J IAOS 2020; 36: 1-8.
    OpenUrl
  2. 2.↵
    1. Sarwer DB,
    2. Polonsky HM.
    The psychosocial burden of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45: 677-88.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Tremmel M,
    2. Gerdtham UG,
    3. Nilsson PM,
    4. Saha S.
    Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14: 435.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Hruby A,
    2. Hu FB.
    The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics 2015; 3: 673-689.
    OpenUrl
  5. 5.↵
    1. Curioni CC,
    2. Lourenço PM.
    Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 1168-1174.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Badran M,
    2. Laher I.
    Obesity in arabic-speaking countries. J Obes 2011; 2011: 686430.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Younes S,
    2. Ibrahim A,
    3. Al-Jurf R,
    4. Zayed H.
    Genetic polymorphisms associated with obesity in the Arab world: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45: 1899-1913.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Tadmouri GO,
    2. Nair P,
    3. Obeid T,
    4. Al Ali MT,
    5. Al Khaja N, et al.
    Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs. Reprod Health 2009; 6: 17.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Silventoinen K,
    2. Konttinen H.
    Obesity and eating behavior from the perspective of twin and genetic research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 109: 150-165.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Zanger UM,
    2. Schwab M.
    Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138: 103-141.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.
    1. Franzago M,
    2. Santurbano D,
    3. Vitacolonna E,
    4. Stuppia L.
    Genes and diet in the prevention of chronic diseases in future generations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 2633.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  12. 12.↵
    1. Yanovski SZ,
    2. Yanovski JA.
    Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA 2014; 311: 74-86.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. 13.↵
    1. Tchang BG,
    2. Aras M,
    3. Kumar RB,
    4. Aronne LJ.
    Pharmacologic treatment of overweight and obesity in Adults. [Updated 2024; accessed 2024 Nov 15]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905267/
  14. 14.↵
    1. Tak YJ,
    2. Lee SY.
    Anti-obesity drugs: long-term efficacy and safety: an updated review. World J Mens Health 2021; 39: 208-221.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  15. 15.↵
    1. Tricco AC,
    2. Lillie E,
    3. Zarin W,
    4. O’Brien KK,
    5. Colquhoun H,
    6. Levac D, et al.
    PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018; 169: 467-473.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Wells GA SB,
    2. O’Connell D,
    3. Peterson J,
    4. Welch V,
    5. Losos M,
    6. Tugwell P.
    The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. [Updated 2000; accessed 2024 Nov 15]. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
  17. 17.↵
    1. Sterne JAC,
    2. Savović J,
    3. Page MJ,
    4. Elbers RG,
    5. Blencowe NS,
    6. Boutron I, et al.
    RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019; 366: l4898.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. Allum MS,
    2. Al Tikriti A,
    3. Elsheikh M.
    High dose liraglutide for weight loss after bariatric surgery-a single centre experience Obesity Surgery 2019; 29: 123.
    OpenUrl
  19. 19.
    1. Shaghouli AA.
    Real world evidence data on losing weight with liraglutide treatment in patients who regained weight after their bariatric surgery at Glycemia clinic/Kuwait. Obesity Facts 2018; 2018: 247-248.
    OpenUrl
  20. 20.↵
    1. Suliman MB,
    2. Al Tikrit A,
    3. Tan T,
    4. Le Roux C,
    5. Lessan N.
    Liraglutide 3 mg for the treatment of obesity: real life experience of use in a large Emirati population. IJDMD 2021: 26-27.
  21. 21.
    1. Alorayyidh NA,
    2. Aldhwayan M,
    3. Masood A,
    4. Alfadda A.
    Changes in consummatory behavior (liking) after liraglutide treatment in adult people with obesity. Obesity Facts 2024; 17: 148-149.
    OpenUrl
  22. 22.
    1. Shaghouli AAD,
    2. Sibi M.
    Effect of oral semaglutide on weight reduction in non-diabetic adults with obesity in Kuwait. Obesity Facts 2024; 2024: 443-444.
    OpenUrl
  23. 23.
    1. Alharbi TT,
    2. Altwaijri S,
    3. Kofi M.
    Glycemic and metabolic effects of liraglutide as additive treatment to different therapeutic regimens in type 2 diabetes patients followed in primary care clinics. Diabetes 2018; 2018: A639.
    OpenUrl
  24. 24.
    1. Allum MS,
    2. Azaizeh A,
    3. Elsheikh M.
    Obesity reviews, early experience of naltrexone/bupropion extended release for treatment of obesity in a weight management clinic European and International Congress on Obesity. ECOICO 2020.
  25. 25.
    1. Allum MB,
    2. Suliman M,
    3. Lessan N,
    4. Mohammed N,
    5. Azaizeh A,
    6. Suliman S.
    Low dose semaglutide use for weight loss in an Emirati population living with obesity: a retrospective study Obesity Facts 2023; 2023: 276.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.
    1. Jamal MQ,
    2. Hamshari F,
    3. Al-Hassani S,
    4. Dsouza C.
    Effectiveness of semaglutide for the management of weight following sleeve gastrectomy and intra gastric balloon therapy. Obesity Surgery 2023; 2023: 104.
    OpenUrl
  27. 27.
    1. Alfadda AA,
    2. Masood A,
    3. Alsuwayni BM,
    4. Alhossan AM.
    FRI063 effectiveness of liraglutide in treating obesity and improving hepatic steatosis. JES 2023; 7.
  28. 28.
    1. Alshahrani S,
    2. Asiri M,
    3. Buraidi W,
    4. Al-Swaid A,
    5. Easwaran V,
    6. Alqahtani A, et al.
    A Questionnaire-based study for weight loss products in Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. Lat Am J Pharm 2020; 39: 2490-2497.
    OpenUrl
  29. 29.
    1. Alshahawey M,
    2. Ghazy M,
    3. El Morshedy M,
    4. El Said NO.
    Cost-effectiveness analysis of once-weekly semaglutide vs. once-daily liraglutide administered subcutaneously in patients with overweight and obesity: a decision analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024; 28: 3365-3374.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  30. 30.
    1. Bashier AM,
    2. Abdelgadir EI,
    3. Khalifa AA,
    4. Rashid F,
    5. Abuelkeir SM,
    6. Bachet FE.
    Exenatide’s effect in reducing weight and glycosylated hemoglobin level in an Arab population with type 2 diabetes. Saudi Med J 2014; 35: 1404-1407.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  31. 31.
    1. Bashier AM,
    2. Hussain AA,
    3. Abdelgadir EI,
    4. Eltinay AT,
    5. Thadani P,
    6. Abdalla ME, et al.
    Liraglutide effect in reducing HbA1c and weight in Arab population with type2 diabetes, a prospective observational trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015; 14: 48.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  32. 32.
    1. Mosli MM,
    2. Elyas M.
    Does combining liraglutide with intragastric balloon insertion improve sustained weight reduction? Saudi J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 117-122.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  33. 33.
    1. Albarkah YA,
    2. Tourkmani AM,
    3. Bin Rsheed AM,
    4. Al Harbi TJ,
    5. Ebeid YA,
    6. Bushnag RA.
    Effects of liraglutide addition to multiple diabetes regimens on weight and risk of hypoglycemia for a cohort with type 2 diabetes followed in primary care clinics in Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8: 1919-1924.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  34. 34.
    1. Buckley AJ,
    2. Suliman M,
    3. Al Tikriti A,
    4. Lessan N,
    5. Le Roux C,
    6. Tan TM, et al.
    2308-PUB: liraglutide 3 mg for weight loss in a real-world setting: clinical outcomes after 56 weeks. Diabetes 2019; 68: 2308-PUB.
    OpenUrl
  35. 35.
    1. Suliman M,
    2. Buckley A,
    3. Al Tikriti A,
    4. Tan T,
    5. le Roux CW,
    6. Lessan N, et al.
    Routine clinical use of liraglutide 3 mg for the treatment of obesity: outcomes in non-surgical and bariatric surgery patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21: 1498-1501.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. 36.
    1. Al Hayek AA,
    2. Robert AA,
    3. Al Dawish MA.
    Clinical characteristics and satisfaction of liraglutide treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 12: 1179551419834935.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  37. 37.
    1. Khedr NF,
    2. Ebeid AM,
    3. Khalil RM.
    New insights into weight management by orlistat in comparison with cinnamon as a natural lipase inhibitor. Endocrine 2020; 67: 109-116.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  38. 38.
    1. Aboddy AA,
    2. Alhamdy RA,
    3. Al-Mashhadani Z,
    4. Nabeel N,
    5. Ahmed H.
    Drugs used for weight reduction among Iraqi population sample, a comparative study. IJFMT 2020; 14 :757-763.
    OpenUrl
  39. 39.
    1. Hussein NA,
    2. Ebied SA,
    3. Nour HA,
    4. Zaki UK,
    5. El-Kotishy SM,
    6. Salem TM.
    Liraglutide treatment and acylcarnitine profiles in Egyptian obese insulin-resistant females. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 891: 173668.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  40. 40.
    1. Rahmah A,
    2. Kadhim J,
    3. Mahdi O.
    The efficacy of once-daily liraglutide as an add-on to oral antidiabetic agents on weight reduction and glycemic control in obese patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a retrospective analysis in relation to liraglutide dose escalation within a 7-month treatment period. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2020; 41.
  41. 41.
    1. Aleidi SM,
    2. Dahabiyeh LA,
    3. Gu X,
    4. Al Dubayee M,
    5. Alshahrani A,
    6. Benabdelkamel H, et al.
    Obesity connected metabolic changes in type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11: 616157.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  42. 42.
    1. Elhag W,
    2. El Ansari W.
    Effectiveness and safety of liraglutide in managing inadequate weight loss and weight regain after primary and revisional bariatric surgery: anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. Obes Surg 2022; 32: 1005-1015.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  43. 43.
    1. Alanazi J,
    2. Unnisa A,
    3. Ahmad S,
    4. Itumalla R,
    5. Alanazi M,
    6. Alharby TN, et al.
    Significance of Orlistat in management of dyslipidemia, systolic blood pressure and body mass index. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26: 8326-8332.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  44. 44.
    1. Moujaes G,
    2. Azzam W,
    3. Maalouf M,
    4. Wakim V,
    5. Fares J.
    Retrospective cohort study of the predictors of weight loss after 3 months of treatment with liraglutide for patients with obesity/overweight at the “Centre d’Obésité et de Contrôle du Poids” (COCP). [Updated 2023; accessed 2025 Nov 15]. Available for: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3345740/v1
  45. 45.
    1. Ajabnoor GMA,
    2. Hashim KT,
    3. Alzahrani MM,
    4. Alsuheili AZ,
    5. Alharbi AF,
    6. Alhozali AM, et al.
    The possible effect of the long-term use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) on Hba1c and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study in KAUH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Diseases 2023; 11: 50.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  46. 46.
    1. Mawardi HH,
    2. Almazrooa SA,
    3. Dakhil SA,
    4. Aboalola AA,
    5. Al-Ghalib TA,
    6. Eshky RT, et al.
    Semaglutide-associated hyposalivation: a report of case series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102: e36730.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  47. 47.
    1. Farooqi MF,
    2. Mehmood MA,
    3. Khan M,
    4. Salman HM,
    5. Agha A.
    Extensive deep vein thrombosis in a young man taking tirzepatide for weight Loss. AACE Clin Case Rep 2024; 10: 261-263.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  48. 48.
    1. Alidrisi HA,
    2. Odhaib SA,
    3. Nwayyir HA,
    4. Almomin AMS.
    Effectiveness and safety of add-on once-daily liraglutide (1.2 mg) in type 2 diabetes patients with obesity: data from a real-world cohort of Iraqi patients. Clin Diabetol 2024; 13: 140-147.
    OpenUrl
  49. 49.
    1. Buckley A,
    2. Suliman S,
    3. Allum M,
    4. Mohammed N,
    5. Lessan N,
    6. le Roux CW, et al.
    Real world use of tirzepatide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in an Arab population. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26: 3381-3391.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  50. 50.
    1. Hussein W,
    2. Break M,
    3. Alafnan A,
    4. Huwaimel B,
    5. Khojali W,
    6. Khalifa N, et al.
    A questionnaire-based study on the use of weight-loss medicines and herbal mixtures among pharmacy students in the Hail region. IJPER 2023; 58: 342-347.
    OpenUrl
  51. 51.
    1. Khalaf RM,
    2. Alghamdi HA.
    Knowledge and perception of anti-obesity medications among primary healthcare center visitors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2024: an analytical cross-sectional study. Cureus 2024; 16: e68240.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  52. 52.
    1. Alfadda AA,
    2. Abdel Rahman AM,
    3. Benabdelkamel H,
    4. AlMalki R,
    5. Alsuwayni B,
    6. Alhossan A, et al.
    Metabolomic effects of liraglutide therapy on the plasma metabolomic profile of patients with obesity. Metabolites 2024; 14: 500.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  53. 53.
    1. Masood A,
    2. Benabdelkamel H,
    3. Joy SS,
    4. Alhossan A,
    5. Alsuwayni B,
    6. Abdeen G, et al.
    Label-free quantitative proteomic profiling reveals differential plasma protein expression in patients with obesity after treatment with liraglutide. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11: 1458675.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  54. 54.
    1. Gad AI,
    2. Ibrahim NF,
    3. Almadani N,
    4. Mahfouz R,
    5. Nofal HA,
    6. El-Rafey DS, et al.
    Therapeutic effects of semaglutide on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: an open-label controlled trial. Diseases 2024; 12: 186.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  55. 55.
    1. Albahli OM,
    2. Ali S,
    3. Alblaihi F,
    4. Aljaman AA.
    The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists on the lipid profile of diabetic patients using statins: a retrospective cohort study in the Diabetic Center of King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2024; 16: e65521.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  56. 56.
    1. Albargawi MS,
    2. Alharbi RN,
    3. Alajlani MA,
    4. Abdulaal IA,
    5. Aldakhil LO.
    Efficacy and safety of injectable dulaglutide 1.5 mg among type 2 diabetes patients in clinics at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024; 14: 720-729.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  57. 57.
    1. Alenzi S,
    2. Alzahrani A,
    3. Aljaloud A,
    4. Alanazi K,
    5. Alarfaj SJ.
    The effectiveness of 0.5 mg and 1mg of semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and predictors of response: a retrospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15: 1395651.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  58. 58.
    1. Jamal M,
    2. Qasem W,
    3. Hamshari F,
    4. Dsouza C,
    5. Alqallaf N,
    6. Otiku P, et al.
    Effectiveness and tolerability of liraglutide for the management of weight regain following sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Sci Pract 2023; 10: e706.
    OpenUrl
  59. 59.
    1. Jamal M,
    2. Alhashemi M,
    3. Dsouza C,
    4. Al-Hassani S,
    5. Qasem W,
    6. Almazeedi S, et al.
    Semaglutide and tirzepatide for the management of weight recurrence after sleeve gastrectomy: a retrospective cohort study. Obes Surg 2024; 34: 1324-1332.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  60. 60.
    1. Abdelmannan D,
    2. AlBuflasa M,
    3. Ajlouni H,
    4. Zidan M,
    5. Rahman F,
    6. Farooqi MH, et al.
    Institutional experience on the impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1) on glycemic control and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes at the Dubai Diabetes Center, United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 207: 111045.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  61. 61.
    1. Zakaria H,
    2. Alshehhi S,
    3. Caccelli M,
    4. Ozkan C,
    5. Kattan J,
    6. Jafaar Z, et al.
    Effectiveness of a hybrid approach in integrating GLP-1 agonists and lifestyle guidance for obesity and pre-diabetes management: RWE retrospective study. Metabol Open 2024; 22: 100283.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  62. 62.
    1. Iqbal PMR,
    2. Maadarani OS,
    3. Bitar ZI.
    Tirzepatide-induced ketoacidosis in non-diabetic patients. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2024; 11: 004357.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  63. 63.
    1. Al-Kuraishy HM,
    2. Al-Gareeb AI.
    Effect of orlistat alone or in combination with Garcinia cambogia on visceral adiposity index in obese patients. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2016; 5: 408-414.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  64. 64.
    1. Esmail VAW,
    2. Mohammed MO,
    3. Al-Nimer MSM.
    Short-term orlistat therapy improves fatty infiltration indices and liver fibrosis scores in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Arab J Gastroenterol 2021; 22: 1-5.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  65. 65.
    1. Hany M,
    2. Torensma B,
    3. Ibrahim M,
    4. Zidan A,
    5. Agayby ASS,
    6. Abdelkhalek MH, et al.
    Boosting weight loss after conversional Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with liraglutide and placebo use. A double-blind-randomized controlled trial. Int J Surg 2024; 110: 1546-1555.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  66. 67.
    1. Elhag W,
    2. El Ansari W,
    3. Abdulrazzaq S,
    4. Elsherif M,
    5. Mustafa I.
    Lorcaserin vs. phentermine among non-surgical and surgical obese patients: anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, safety and cost outcomes. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 45: 75-81.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  67. 68.
    1. Almarshad F.
    Short-term monotherapy with liraglutide for weight management: a case study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8: 1804-1806.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  68. 69.
    1. Alrowais SS,
    2. Baghdadi LR.
    Relationship between exposure to liraglutide and weight loss: a cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021; 14: 2435-2445.
    OpenUrl
  69. 70.
    1. Albaker W,
    2. Al Sheikh M,
    3. Albakr A,
    4. Alkhafaji D,
    5. Al Besher E,
    6. Al-Hariri M.
    The efficacy and safety of liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight management in obese non-diabetic Saudi outpatients. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14: 8643-8650.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  70. 71.
    1. Alshehri A,
    2. AlFaris N,
    3. Al Qahtani AM,
    4. Shams M,
    5. Yahia M.
    Clinical effectiveness of liraglutide 3.0 mg and impact of weight loss in improving obesity-related comorbid conditions in King Fahad Medical City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a real-world experience. Clin Obes 2023; 13: e12594.
    OpenUrl
  71. 72.
    1. Alghamdi KM,
    2. Hifni HA,
    3. Almatrafi MJ,
    4. Attar LW,
    5. Alsulami AS,
    6. Shalabi BH, et al.
    Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis and cholelithiasis associated with dulaglutide and semaglutide use in a young adult: a case report and review of literature. J Popul Ther Clin Ph 2024: 31.
  72. 73.
    1. Al Ghareeb G,
    2. Abdoh D,
    3. Kofi M,
    4. Konswa AA.
    Lifestyle interventions in a patient identified as super-super obese with a body mass index of 90.5. J Med Cases 2024; 15: 55-59.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  73. 74.
    1. Aziz TA.
    The role of Ginkgo biloba extract as monotherapy in improving the outcomes of patients with metabolic syndrome: a pilot comparative study with metformin. Iraqi J Pharm Sci 2021; 30: 258-269.
    OpenUrl
  74. 75.
    1. Aljamal A,
    2. Al-Shawabk M,
    3. Abu Zaiton A,
    4. K S, Almu R, et al.
    Effect of green coffee and Orlistat on obese individuals. Int J Pharmacol 2022; 18: 864-868.
    OpenUrl
  75. 76.
    1. Aiad AAE,
    2. El-Haggar SM,
    3. El-Barbary AM,
    4. El-Afify DR.
    Metformin as adjuvant therapy in obese knee osteoarthritis patients. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32: 2349-2359.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  76. 77.
    1. El-Mezayen NS,
    2. Abelrazik YR,
    3. Khalifa DM,
    4. Dorbouk NM,
    5. Moaaz MA,
    6. Ali MM, et al.
    Cross-relationship between COVID-19 infection and anti-obesity products efficacy and incidence of side effects: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19: e0309323.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  77. 78.↵
    1. Mehta Y,
    2. Prajapati N,
    3. Shah K,
    4. Malhotra S.
    Efficacy of anti-obesity agents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PIMR 2023; 11.
  78. 79.↵
    1. Shi Q,
    2. Wang Y,
    3. Hao Q,
    4. Vandvik PO,
    5. Guyatt G,
    6. Li J, et al.
    Pharmacotherapy for adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2022; 399: 259-269.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  79. 80.↵
    1. Khoja A,
    2. Kazim F,
    3. Ali NA.
    Barriers to conducting clinical trials in developing countries. Ochsner J 2019; 19: 294-295.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  80. 81.↵
    1. Al-Shamsi HO,
    2. Abu-Gheida I,
    3. Sameh K,
    4. Tahoun NE,
    5. Musallam KM.
    Arab countries and oncology clinical trials: a bibliometric analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15: 4428.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  81. 82.↵
    1. Müller TD,
    2. Blüher M,
    3. Tschöp MH,
    4. DiMarchi RD.
    Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21: 201-223.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  82. 83.↵
    1. Afshin A,
    2. Forouzanfar MH,
    3. Reitsma MB,
    4. Sur P,
    5. Estep K,
    6. Lee A, et al.
    Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 13-27.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  83. 84.↵
    1. Kokkorakis M,
    2. Chakhtoura M,
    3. Rhayem C,
    4. Al Rifai J,
    5. Ghezzawi M,
    6. Valenzuela-Vallejo L, et al.
    Emerging pharmacotherapies for obesity: a systematic review. Pharmacol Rev 2025; 77: 100002.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  84. 85.↵
    1. Abdi Beshir S,
    2. Ahmed Elnour A,
    3. Soorya A,
    4. Parveen Mohamed A,
    5. Sir Loon Goh S,
    6. Hussain N, et al.
    A narrative review of approved and emerging anti-obesity medications. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31: 101757.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  85. 86.↵
    1. Algarni MA,
    2. Algarni AAM,
    3. Alqarni WA,
    4. Alqassim AY.
    Knowledge and attitude of the general population in Saudi Arabia toward weight management medications (WMMs): a cross-sectional study. Cureus 2023; 15: e42875.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  86. 87.↵
    1. Khera R,
    2. Murad MH,
    3. Chandar AK,
    4. Dulai PS,
    5. Wang Z,
    6. Prokop LJ, et al.
    Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2016; 315: 2424-2434.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  87. 88.↵
    1. Telci Caklili O,
    2. Cesur M,
    3. Mikhailidis DP,
    4. Rizzo M.
    Novel anti-obesity therapies and their different effects and safety profiles: a critical overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16: 1767-1774.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  88. 89.↵
    1. Gryszkiewicz P,
    2. Szydło J,
    3. Starownik J,
    4. Wędrychowski J,
    5. Zabielska B.
    Review of upcoming and currently available anti-obesity drugs in europe. J Educ Health Sport 2023; 30: 57-67.
    OpenUrl
  89. 90.↵
    1. Franz MJ,
    2. Boucher JL,
    3. Rutten-Ramos S,
    4. VanWormer JJ.
    Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 115: 1447-1463.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  90. 91.↵
    1. Crawford AR,
    2. Alamuddin N,
    3. Amaro A.
    Cardiometabolic effects of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2018; 20: 18.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  91. 92.↵
    1. Drew D.
    As obesity rates rise in the U.S. and worldwide, new weight-loss drugs surge in popularity. [Updated 2024; accessed 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/03/21/as-obesity-rates-rise-in-the-us-and-worldwide-new-weight-loss-drugs-surge-in-popularity/
  92. 93.↵
    U.S. FDA. FDA approves new medication for chronic weight management. [Updated 2023; accessed 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management
  93. 94.
    FDA. New drug therapy approvals 2022. [Updated 2023; accessed 2025 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/novel-drug-approvals-fda/new-drug-therapy-approvals-2022
  94. 95.↵
    1. Jastreboff AM,
    2. Kaplan LM,
    3. Frías JP,
    4. Wu Q,
    5. Du Y,
    6. Gurbuz S, et al.
    Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity - a phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med 2023; 389: 514-526.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  95. 96.↵
    1. Xie Z,
    2. Yang S,
    3. Deng W,
    4. Li J,
    5. Chen J.
    Efficacy and safety of liraglutide and semaglutide on weight loss in people with obesity or overweight: a systematic review. Clin Epidemiol 2022; 14: 1463-1476.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.

More in this TOC Section

Similar Articles

Keywords