Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Antibacterial activity of TQ. A) Antibacterial acitivity of thymoquinone (TQ) against Klebsiella pneumoniae. B) Antibacterial acitivity of TQ against Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 1228).
- Figure 2
- Effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on cell morphology of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Changes in the cellular morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy. A) Control cell B) shows bacterial cell treated with TQ.
- Figure 3
- Thymoquinone (TQ) inhibits bacterial adhesion. Alamar Blue based polystyrene adhesion assay was used to evaluate the effect of TQ on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis adherence. All the tested bacterial strains were exposed to MIC x 0.5, MIC x 1 and MIC x 2 values of TQ for 6 h at 37°C. Control bars indicate all untreated bacterial strains, accepted as 0% inhibition. Results are presented from three independent experiments using means ± SD ***p<0.0001.
- Figure 4
- Thymoquinone (TQ) reduces biofilm formation. A) Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), B) Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were incubated with MIC x 0.5, MIC x 1 and MIC x 2 values of TQ under biofilm growing conditions for 24 and 48 h. Control bars indicate all untreated bacterial strains, accepted as 0% inhibition. Results are presented from 3 independent experiments using means±SD ***p<0.0001.
Tables
Organism Origin Thymoquinone Zone of inhibition (50 μg/ml) μg/ml mm Mean (SD) MIC Mean (SD) MBC Mean (SD) Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) ATCC - - - Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) ATCC - - - Pseudomonas Clinical - - - Salmonella typhi Clinical - - - Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical 15 (2) 1.30 (0.45) 33.33 (14.43) Shigella Clinical - - - Escherichia coli Clinical - - - Gram positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) ATCC - - - Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) ATCC 17 (1.73) 1.04 (0.45) 10.41 (3.60) Mycobacterium smegmatis Clinical - - - Staphylococcus aureus Clinical 15 (1) 2.60 (0.90) 41 (14.43) Staphylococcus saprophyticus Clinical - - - Staphylococcus epidermidis Clinical 13 (1.73) 8.3 (3.60) 66.66 (28.86) Streptococcus pyogenes Clinical - - - -: no effect, MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration, MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration, ATCC: American Type Culture Collection
- Table 2
- Aynergistic antimicrobial activity of thymoquinone (TQ) with different antimicrobial agents.
Bacteria Antimicrobial agent Mean of inhibition zone with antibiotics (mm) Mean (SD) Mean of inhibition zone with Tq (mm) Mean (SD) Inhibition zone with synergism Mean (SD) Outcome P-value Klebsiella pneumoniae Gentamicin 20 (1.73) 15 (2) 37 (3.60) Synergism 0.458 Offloxacin 17 (1.0) 34 (1.73) Synergism 0.638 Tetracycline 0 15 (1) Additive ≤ 0.001 Penicillin 15 (2) 34 (2) Synergism 0.485 Chloramphenicol 0 15 (1.73) Additive ≤ 0.001 Nalidixic acid 3 (1) 20 (1) Synergism ≤ 0.001 Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) Gentamicin 18 (2) 17 (1.73) 36 (1) Synergism 0.254 Offloxacin 25 (3) 34 (2) Antagonism 1.258 Tetracycline 0 15 (2) Antagonism 0.458 Penicillin 18 (1.73) 37 (3.6) Synergism 0.471 Chloramphenicol 25 (1) 36 (1) Antagonism 0.689 Nalidixic acid 0 17 (2.64) Additive ≤ 0.001 Staphylococcus aureus Gentamicin 0 15 (1) 15 (2) Additive ≤ 0.001 Offloxacin 13 (01) 30 (1.73) Synergism 0.356 Tetracycline 4 (2) 21 (1) Synergism 0.095 Penicillin 16 (1.73) 27 (1.73) Antagonism 0.245 Chloramphenicol 18 (2) 35 (2) Synergism 0.325 Nalidixic acid 2 (1) 17 (1) Additive ≤ 0.001 Staphylococcus epidermidis Gentamicin 18 (1.73) 13 (1.73) 31 (3.6) Additive 0.471 Offloxacin 17 (2.64) 32 (2) Synergism 0.247 Tetracycline 18 (1) 29 (1) Antagonism 1.784 Penicillin 3 (1) 21 (1) Synergism ≤ 0.001 Chloramphenicol 20 (2) 26 (1.73) Antagonism 0.478 Nalidixic acid 0 13 (2.64) Additive ≤ 0.001
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