Glutathione and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) redox status in plasma and placental tissue of Saudi patients with intrauterine growth restriction

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Figure 1
- Glutathione-related enzyme gene expression in IUGR and HP groups. **p<0.0001 between FC values of each gene for the IUGR group compared to the HP group. FC, fold-change; HP, healthy pregnant; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction.

Table 1

- Comparison of plasma and placental OS markers in IUGR and HP groups.

OS markers	HP group (n=25)	IUGR group (n=25)	P-value of IUGR compared to HP
Age (years)	31.20 ± 5.84	26.20 ± 3.81	>0.05
Gestational age (weeks)	39.00 ± 2.30	35.80 ± 2.98	>0.05
Plasma H₂O₂ nmol/ml	8.61 ± 1.11	9.78 ± 1.31*	0.0013
Placental H₂O₂ µmol/min/mg protein	2.58 ± 0.31	3.67 ± 0.45^†	0.0000
Plasma SOA nmol/ml	35.20 ± 4.52	40.5 ± 5.51*	0.0005
Placental SOA µmol/min/mg protein	4.93 ± 0.58	6.78 ± 1.31^†	0.0001
Plasma MDA nmol/ml	5.71 ± 0.68	6.46 ± 0.82*	0.0001
Placental MDA nmol/g	293.60 ± 36.7	415.30 ± 50.5^†	0.0000
Plasma PCC pmol/l	298.60 ± 38.3	339.80 ± 40.5*	0.0006
Placental PCC nmol/mg	15.70 ± 1.80	23.60 ± 3.34^†	0.0001

Values are presented as mean ± SD. *p<0.001; ^†p<0.0001, OS: oxidative stress, IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction, HP: healthy pregnant, SOA: superoxide anions, H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide

Table 2

- Plasma and placental GSH and GSSG levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio in IUGR and health pregnant (HP) groups.

Oxidative stress markers	HP group (n=25)	IUGR group (n=25)	P-value
Plasma GSH µM	2.85 ± 0.37	2.50 ± 0.31*	0.0006
Placental GSH nmol/mg tissue	6.21 ± 0.86	4.88 ± 0.71^†	0.0001
Plasma GSSG µM	0.059 ± 0.009	0.069 ± 0.011*	0.0009
Placental GSSG nmol/mg tissue	0.13 ± 0.017	0.17 ± 0.023^†	0.0001
Plasma GSH/GSSG	48.3 ± 6.5	27.8 ± 3.73^†	0.0001
Placental GSH/GSSG	44.6 ± 6.10	28.7 ± 3.88^†	0.0001

Values are presented as mean ± SD. *p<0.001; ^†p<0.0001, IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction, GSH: glutathione, GSSG: oxidized glutathione

Table 3

- Glutathione-related plasma and placental enzyme activities in IUGR and healthy pregnant (HP) groups.

Enzyme/units	HP group (n=25)	IUGR group (n=25)	P-value
Plasma GPx/nmol/min/ml	1.30 ± 0.16	1.15 ± 0.13*	0.0007
Placental GPx/µmol/min/mg protein	0.50 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.03^†	0.0001
Plasma GR/nmol/min/ml	2.08 ± 0.28	1.80 ± 0.25*	0.0005
Placental GR/µmol/min/mg protein	0.85 ± 0.11	0.48 ± 0.06^†	0.0001
Plasma GST/pmol/min/ml	65.1 ± 8.46	57.30 ± 7.37*	0.0010
Placental GST/nmol/min/mg protein	23.7 ± 2.95	13.7 ± 1.60^†	0.0001
Plasma GCL/pmol/min/ml	418 ± 89.3	342 ± 68.3*	0.0014
Placental GCL/nmol/min/mg protein	236 ± 40.7	112 ± 18.9^†	0.0001
Plasma GS/nmol/min/ml	3.56 ± 0.48	3.09 ± 0.42*	0.0006
Placental GS/nmol/min/mg protein	612 ± 79.1	386 ± 43.4^†	0.0001

Values are presented as mean ± SD. *p<0.001; ^†p<0.0001, IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction, GST: glutathione-S-transferase, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, GR: glutathione reductase, GS: glutathione synthetase

Table 4

- Plasma and placental nicotinamide coenzyme levels in IUGR and healthy pregnant (HP) groups.

Coenzyme levels/units	HP group (n=25)	IUGR group (n=25)	P-value
Plasma NAD⁺(nM)	4.58 ± 1.32	1.21 ± 0.33*	0.0001
Placental NAD⁺(µg/mgprotein)	5.33 ± 1.34	2.01 ± 0.54*	0.0001
Plasma NADH (nM)	1.46 ± 0.41	2.87 ± 0.83*	0.0003
Placental NADH(µg/mg protein)	1.38 ± 0.42	3.98 ± 1.15*	0.0001
Plasma NAD⁺/NADH	3.30 ± 0.94	0.41 ± 0.11*	0.0001
Placental NAD⁺/NADH	3.92 ± 1.21	0.50 ± 0.14*	0.0001

Values are presented as mean ± SD. *p<0.001, IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction, NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen