Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Total hip arthroplasty. A) The damage due to bone flattening and osteonecrosis. B) A total hip arthroplasty in sickle cell disease.
Tables
- Table 1
- Demonstration of pathophysiological mechanisms involvement in osteonecrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease.
Author Year Study design Study Population Age Method used Mechanisms associated with ON pathophysiology P-value Daltro et al23 2020 Case–control 9 SCD patients, 15 SCD-ON patients, 19 control 10-55 year flow cytometry CD4+T lymphocytes raised circulatory levels of simultaneously produced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17+-IL4+ and IFN-γ+-IL4+ contributing to ON inflammation at target organ site. The polyclonal stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate/ inomycin in vitro in SCD, SCD-ON showed significantly raised IL4+TCD4+ cells. p=0.0016,
p=0.0017Al-Ghaithi et al24 2021 Experimental 7 SCD patients 22–32 years Raman Spectroscopy Decline in bone quality and drop in mineral volume due to decrease in bone phosphate to amide ratio, carbonate to amide ratio carbonate-to-phosphate p=0.01
p=0.02
p=0.008Adesina and Neumayr25 2019 Case study 1 SCD patient 19 year - Progression of R-ONFH with decreased joint space, cysts (Steinberg stage V) and sclerosis; and minimal flattening (Steinberg stage II) at the left femoral head p<0.05 Chaouch et al8 2015 Case–control 100 SCD patients 30±5 year PCR/sequencing BMP6 polymorphisms in articular cartilage destruction during pathogenesis of ON in SCA patients showed significant association between osteonecrosis and alleles G of rs267201 and A of 267196 p=0.04
p=0.0023SCD: sickle cell disease, SCD-ON: sickle cell disease with osteonecrosis, IL: interleukin, IFN-γ: Interferon gamma, ONFH: osteonecrosis of the femoral head, PCR: polymerase chain reaction, ON: osteonecrosis, BMP: bone morphogenetic protein
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