GLP-1RA and SGLT2i utilization in people with type 2 diabetes with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or at high risk of ASCVD in the Gulf Region: Results from the PACT-MEA studys

Waleed A. Al-Dahi; Saeed H. Khalaf; Dalal A. AlRomaihi; Naji M. Alamuddin; Hessa M. Al Kandari; Doaa K. Abdalla; Hanan Y. Alfadehla; Amin A. Jayyousi; Mashhood A. Siddique; Usama A. AlAlami; Guruprasad C. Subbarao; Shashikanth J. Chetty; Jehan A. Abdulla

doi:10.15537/smj.2025.46.2.20240620

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OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
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1. Pearson-Stuttard J,
2. Bennett J,
3. Cheng YJ,
4. Vamos EP,
5. Cross AJ,
6. Ezzati M, et al.
Trends in predominant causes of death in individuals with and without diabetes in England from 2001 to 2018: an epidemiological analysis of linked primary care records. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9: 165-173.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
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1. Verma S,
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3. Alawadi F,
4. Alkandari H,
5. Almahmeed W,
6. Assaad-Khalil SH, et al.
Prevalence of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in the Middle East and Africa: Primary Results of the PACT-MEA Study. Circulation 2023; 147: 1251-1255.
OpenUrl PubMed
5.↵
1. Alqadasi ET,
2. Chamroonsawasdi K,
3. Saejeng K,
4. Nagi MA
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1. Visseren FL,
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6. Bäck M, et al.
2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies With the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2021; 42: 3227-337.
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7.↵
1. Kristensen SL,
2. Rørth R,
3. Jhund PS,
4. Docherty KF,
5. Sattar N,
6. Preiss D, et al.
Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7: 776-785.
OpenUrl PubMed
8.
1. Longato E,
2. Di Camillo B,
3. Sparacino G,
4. Gubian L,
5. Avogaro A,
6. Fadini GP
. Cardiovascular outcomes of type 2 diabetic patients treated with SGLT-2 inhibitors versus GLP-1 receptor agonists in real-life. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8: e001451.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
9.↵
1. Caruso I,
2. Cignarelli A,
3. Sorice GP,
4. Natalicchio A,
5. Perrini S,
6. Laviola L, et al.
Cardiovascular and Renal Effectiveness of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists vs. Other Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies. Metabolites 2022; 12: 183.
OpenUrl PubMed
10.↵
1. Bechmann LE,
2. Emanuelsson F,
3. Nordestgaard BG,
4. Benn M
. SGLT2-inhibition increases total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and lowers triglycerides: Meta-analyses of 60 randomized trials, overall and by dose, ethnicity, and drug type. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394: 117236.
OpenUrl PubMed
11.
1. Yao H,
2. Zhang A,
3. Li D,
4. Wu Y,
5. Wang CZ,
6. Wan JY, et al.
Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2024; 384: e076410.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
12.↵
American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022; 45: S125-S43.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
13.↵
1. Mosenzon O,
2. Alguwaihes A,
3. Leon JLA,
4. Bayram F,
5. Darmon P,
6. Davis TME, et al.
CAPTURE: a multinational, cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease prevalence in adults with type 2 diabetes across 13 countries. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20: 154.
OpenUrl PubMed
14.↵
1. Alaradi M,
2. Ouagueni A,
3. Khatib R,
4. Attieh G,
5. Bawadi H,
6. Shi Z
. Dietary patterns and glycemic control among Qatari adults with type 2 diabetes. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24: 4506-4513.
OpenUrl PubMed
15.
1. Alawainati MA,
2. Ayoob ZA,
3. AlQari AA,
4. Makhlooq F,
5. Naser HS,
6. Bukamal F
. Prevalence and characteristics of obesity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in primary care centers in Bahrain: A cross-sectional study. J Family Community Med 2023; 30: 109-115.
OpenUrl PubMed
16.↵
1. Abdullah A,
2. Alkandari A,
3. Longenecker JC,
4. Devarajan S,
5. Alkhatib A,
6. Al-Wotayan R, et al.
Glycemic control in Kuwaiti diabetes patients treated with glucose-lowering medication. Prim Care Diabetes 2020; 14: 311-316.
OpenUrl PubMed
17.↵
International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE). Guidelines for good pharmacoepidemiology practices (GPP). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 17: 200-208.
OpenUrl
18.↵
1. von Elm E,
2. Altman DG,
3. Egger M,
4. Pocock SJ,
5. Gotzsche PC,
6. Vandenbroucke JP,
7. Initiative S
. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg 2014; 12: 1495-1499.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
19.
World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight 2024 November. [Updated 2024 March 12; Accessed 2024 November 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
20.↵
1. Brown E,
2. Heerspink HJL,
3. Cuthbertson DJ,
4. Wilding JPH
. SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: established and emerging indications. Lancet 2021; 398: 262-276.
OpenUrl PubMed
21.↵
1. Engler C,
2. Leo M,
3. Pfeifer B,
4. Juchum M,
5. Chen-Koenig D,
6. Poelzl K, et al.
Long-term trends in the prescription of antidiabetic drugs: real-world evidence from the Diabetes Registry Tyrol 2012-2018. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8: e001279.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
22.↵
1. Arnold SV,
2. Tang F,
3. Cooper A,
4. Chen H,
5. Gomes MB,
6. Rathmann W, et al.
Global use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Results from DISCOVER. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22: 111.
OpenUrl PubMed
23.↵
1. Weng W,
2. Tian Y,
3. Kong SX,
4. Ganguly R,
5. Hersloev M,
6. Brett J, et al.
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and antidiabetes treatment characteristics among a large type 2 diabetes population in the United States. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2: e00076.
OpenUrl
24.↵
1. Bellary S,
2. Barnett AH
. SGLT2 inhibitors in older adults: overcoming the age barrier. Lancet Healthy Longev 2023; 4: e127-e128.
OpenUrl PubMed
25.↵
1. Schernthaner G,
2. Shehadeh N,
3. Ametov AS,
4. Bazarova AV,
5. Ebrahimi F,
6. Fasching P, et al.
Worldwide inertia to the use of cardiorenal protective glucose-lowering drugs (SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA) in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular diabetology 2020;19: 1-17.
OpenUrl PubMed
26.↵
1. Malik ME,
2. Butt JH,
3. Strange JE,
4. Falkentoft AC,
5. Jensen J,
6. Andersson C, et al.
Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists according to level of frailty in people with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Denmark: a cross-sectional, nationwide study. Lancet Healthy Longev 2023; 4: e552-e560.
OpenUrl
27.↵
1. Peng W,
2. Zhou R,
3. Sun ZF,
4. Long JW,
5. Gong YQ
. Novel insights into the roles and mechanisms of GLP-1 receptor agonists against aging-related diseases. Aging Dis 2022; 13: 468-490.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
28.↵
1. Diallo A,
2. Carlos-Bolumbu M,
3. Galtier F
. Blood pressure-lowering effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists for preventing of cardiovascular events and death in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60: 1651-1662.
OpenUrl PubMed
29.↵
1. Wang JY,
2. Wang QW,
3. Yang XY,
4. Yang W,
5. Li DR,
6. Jin JY, et al.
GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity: Role as a promising approach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14: 1085799.
OpenUrl PubMed
30.↵
1. Yang YS,
2. Kim NH,
3. Baek JH,
4. Ko SH,
5. Son JW,
6. Lee SH, et al.
Real-World Treatment Patterns according to Clinical Practice Guidelines in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Established Cardiovascular Disease in Korea: Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48: 279-289.
OpenUrl PubMed
31.↵
1. Prázný M,
2. Suplotova L,
3. Gumprecht J,
4. Kamenov Z,
5. Fülöp T,
6. Medvedchikov A, et al.
Real-world characteristics, modern antidiabetic treatment patterns, and comorbidities of patients with type 2 diabetes in central and Eastern Europe: retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations in the CORDIALLY(®) study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21: 203.
OpenUrl PubMed
32.↵
1. Gourdy P,
2. Darmon P,
3. Dievart F,
4. Halimi JM,
5. Guerci B
. Combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cardiovasc Diabeto 2023; 22: 79.
OpenUrl

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Keywords

[1] 1.↵
American Diabetes Association. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes care 2019; 42: S103-S123.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[2] 2.↵
Pearson-Stuttard J,
Bennett J,
Cheng YJ,
Vamos EP,
Cross AJ,
Ezzati M, et al.
Trends in predominant causes of death in individuals with and without diabetes in England from 2001 to 2018: an epidemiological analysis of linked primary care records. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9: 165-173.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[3] Pearson-Stuttard J,

[4] Bennett J,

[5] Cheng YJ,

[6] Vamos EP,

[7] Cross AJ,

[8] Ezzati M, et al.

[9] 3.↵
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th ed. Brussels (Belgium): IDF; 2021.

[10] 4.↵
Verma S,
Alamuddin N,
Alawadi F,
Alkandari H,
Almahmeed W,
Assaad-Khalil SH, et al.
Prevalence of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in the Middle East and Africa: Primary Results of the PACT-MEA Study. Circulation 2023; 147: 1251-1255.
OpenUrl PubMed

[11] Verma S,

[12] Alamuddin N,

[13] Alawadi F,

[14] Alkandari H,

[15] Almahmeed W,

[16] Assaad-Khalil SH, et al.

[17] 5.↵
Alqadasi ET,
Chamroonsawasdi K,
Saejeng K,
Nagi MA
. Burden of non-communicable diseases in Health Council of Gulf Cooperation (GCC) countries. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19: 877-884.
OpenUrl PubMed

[18] Alqadasi ET,

[19] Chamroonsawasdi K,

[20] Saejeng K,

[21] Nagi MA

[22] 6.↵
Visseren FL,
Mach F,
Smulders YM,
Carballo D,
Koskinas KC,
Bäck M, et al.
2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies With the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2021; 42: 3227-337.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[23] Visseren FL,

[24] Mach F,

[25] Smulders YM,

[26] Carballo D,

[27] Koskinas KC,

[28] Bäck M, et al.

[29] 7.↵
Kristensen SL,
Rørth R,
Jhund PS,
Docherty KF,
Sattar N,
Preiss D, et al.
Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7: 776-785.
OpenUrl PubMed

[30] Kristensen SL,

[31] Rørth R,

[32] Jhund PS,

[33] Docherty KF,

[34] Sattar N,

[35] Preiss D, et al.

[36] 8.
Longato E,
Di Camillo B,
Sparacino G,
Gubian L,
Avogaro A,
Fadini GP
. Cardiovascular outcomes of type 2 diabetic patients treated with SGLT-2 inhibitors versus GLP-1 receptor agonists in real-life. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8: e001451.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[37] Longato E,

[38] Di Camillo B,

[39] Sparacino G,

[40] Gubian L,

[41] Avogaro A,

[42] Fadini GP

[43] 9.↵
Caruso I,
Cignarelli A,
Sorice GP,
Natalicchio A,
Perrini S,
Laviola L, et al.
Cardiovascular and Renal Effectiveness of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists vs. Other Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies. Metabolites 2022; 12: 183.
OpenUrl PubMed

[44] Caruso I,

[45] Cignarelli A,

[46] Sorice GP,

[47] Natalicchio A,

[48] Perrini S,

[49] Laviola L, et al.

[50] 10.↵
Bechmann LE,
Emanuelsson F,
Nordestgaard BG,
Benn M
. SGLT2-inhibition increases total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and lowers triglycerides: Meta-analyses of 60 randomized trials, overall and by dose, ethnicity, and drug type. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394: 117236.
OpenUrl PubMed

[51] Bechmann LE,

[52] Emanuelsson F,

[53] Nordestgaard BG,

[54] Benn M

[55] 11.
Yao H,
Zhang A,
Li D,
Wu Y,
Wang CZ,
Wan JY, et al.
Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2024; 384: e076410.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[56] Yao H,

[57] Zhang A,

[58] Li D,

[59] Wu Y,

[60] Wang CZ,

[61] Wan JY, et al.

[62] 12.↵
American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022; 45: S125-S43.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[63] 13.↵
Mosenzon O,
Alguwaihes A,
Leon JLA,
Bayram F,
Darmon P,
Davis TME, et al.
CAPTURE: a multinational, cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease prevalence in adults with type 2 diabetes across 13 countries. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20: 154.
OpenUrl PubMed

[64] Mosenzon O,

[65] Alguwaihes A,

[66] Leon JLA,

[67] Bayram F,

[68] Darmon P,

[69] Davis TME, et al.

[70] 14.↵
Alaradi M,
Ouagueni A,
Khatib R,
Attieh G,
Bawadi H,
Shi Z
. Dietary patterns and glycemic control among Qatari adults with type 2 diabetes. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24: 4506-4513.
OpenUrl PubMed

[71] Alaradi M,

[72] Ouagueni A,

[73] Khatib R,

[74] Attieh G,

[75] Bawadi H,

[76] Shi Z

[77] 15.
Alawainati MA,
Ayoob ZA,
AlQari AA,
Makhlooq F,
Naser HS,
Bukamal F
. Prevalence and characteristics of obesity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in primary care centers in Bahrain: A cross-sectional study. J Family Community Med 2023; 30: 109-115.
OpenUrl PubMed

[78] Alawainati MA,

[79] Ayoob ZA,

[80] AlQari AA,

[81] Makhlooq F,

[82] Naser HS,

[83] Bukamal F

[84] 16.↵
Abdullah A,
Alkandari A,
Longenecker JC,
Devarajan S,
Alkhatib A,
Al-Wotayan R, et al.
Glycemic control in Kuwaiti diabetes patients treated with glucose-lowering medication. Prim Care Diabetes 2020; 14: 311-316.
OpenUrl PubMed

[85] Abdullah A,

[86] Alkandari A,

[87] Longenecker JC,

[88] Devarajan S,

[89] Alkhatib A,

[90] Al-Wotayan R, et al.

[91] 17.↵
International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE). Guidelines for good pharmacoepidemiology practices (GPP). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 17: 200-208.
OpenUrl

[92] 18.↵
von Elm E,
Altman DG,
Egger M,
Pocock SJ,
Gotzsche PC,
Vandenbroucke JP,
Initiative S
. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg 2014; 12: 1495-1499.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[93] von Elm E,

[94] Altman DG,

[95] Egger M,

[96] Pocock SJ,

[97] Gotzsche PC,

[98] Vandenbroucke JP,

[99] Initiative S

[100] 19.
World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight 2024 November. [Updated 2024 March 12; Accessed 2024 November 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

[101] 20.↵
Brown E,
Heerspink HJL,
Cuthbertson DJ,
Wilding JPH
. SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: established and emerging indications. Lancet 2021; 398: 262-276.
OpenUrl PubMed

[102] Brown E,

[103] Heerspink HJL,

[104] Cuthbertson DJ,

[105] Wilding JPH

[106] 21.↵
Engler C,
Leo M,
Pfeifer B,
Juchum M,
Chen-Koenig D,
Poelzl K, et al.
Long-term trends in the prescription of antidiabetic drugs: real-world evidence from the Diabetes Registry Tyrol 2012-2018. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8: e001279.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[107] Engler C,

[108] Leo M,

[109] Pfeifer B,

[110] Juchum M,

[111] Chen-Koenig D,

[112] Poelzl K, et al.

[113] 22.↵
Arnold SV,
Tang F,
Cooper A,
Chen H,
Gomes MB,
Rathmann W, et al.
Global use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Results from DISCOVER. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22: 111.
OpenUrl PubMed

[114] Arnold SV,

[115] Tang F,

[116] Cooper A,

[117] Chen H,

[118] Gomes MB,

[119] Rathmann W, et al.

[120] 23.↵
Weng W,
Tian Y,
Kong SX,
Ganguly R,
Hersloev M,
Brett J, et al.
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and antidiabetes treatment characteristics among a large type 2 diabetes population in the United States. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2: e00076.
OpenUrl

[121] Weng W,

[122] Tian Y,

[123] Kong SX,

[124] Ganguly R,

[125] Hersloev M,

[126] Brett J, et al.

[127] 24.↵
Bellary S,
Barnett AH
. SGLT2 inhibitors in older adults: overcoming the age barrier. Lancet Healthy Longev 2023; 4: e127-e128.
OpenUrl PubMed

[128] Bellary S,

[129] Barnett AH

[130] 25.↵
Schernthaner G,
Shehadeh N,
Ametov AS,
Bazarova AV,
Ebrahimi F,
Fasching P, et al.
Worldwide inertia to the use of cardiorenal protective glucose-lowering drugs (SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA) in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular diabetology 2020;19: 1-17.
OpenUrl PubMed

[131] Schernthaner G,

[132] Shehadeh N,

[133] Ametov AS,

[134] Bazarova AV,

[135] Ebrahimi F,

[136] Fasching P, et al.

[137] 26.↵
Malik ME,
Butt JH,
Strange JE,
Falkentoft AC,
Jensen J,
Andersson C, et al.
Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists according to level of frailty in people with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Denmark: a cross-sectional, nationwide study. Lancet Healthy Longev 2023; 4: e552-e560.
OpenUrl

[138] Malik ME,

[139] Butt JH,

[140] Strange JE,

[141] Falkentoft AC,

[142] Jensen J,

[143] Andersson C, et al.

[144] 27.↵
Peng W,
Zhou R,
Sun ZF,
Long JW,
Gong YQ
. Novel insights into the roles and mechanisms of GLP-1 receptor agonists against aging-related diseases. Aging Dis 2022; 13: 468-490.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[145] Peng W,

[146] Zhou R,

[147] Sun ZF,

[148] Long JW,

[149] Gong YQ

[150] 28.↵
Diallo A,
Carlos-Bolumbu M,
Galtier F
. Blood pressure-lowering effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists for preventing of cardiovascular events and death in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60: 1651-1662.
OpenUrl PubMed

[151] Diallo A,

[152] Carlos-Bolumbu M,

[153] Galtier F

[154] 29.↵
Wang JY,
Wang QW,
Yang XY,
Yang W,
Li DR,
Jin JY, et al.
GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity: Role as a promising approach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14: 1085799.
OpenUrl PubMed

[155] Wang JY,

[156] Wang QW,

[157] Yang XY,

[158] Yang W,

[159] Li DR,

[160] Jin JY, et al.

[161] 30.↵
Yang YS,
Kim NH,
Baek JH,
Ko SH,
Son JW,
Lee SH, et al.
Real-World Treatment Patterns according to Clinical Practice Guidelines in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Established Cardiovascular Disease in Korea: Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48: 279-289.
OpenUrl PubMed

[162] Yang YS,

[163] Kim NH,

[164] Baek JH,

[165] Ko SH,

[166] Son JW,

[167] Lee SH, et al.

[168] 31.↵
Prázný M,
Suplotova L,
Gumprecht J,
Kamenov Z,
Fülöp T,
Medvedchikov A, et al.
Real-world characteristics, modern antidiabetic treatment patterns, and comorbidities of patients with type 2 diabetes in central and Eastern Europe: retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations in the CORDIALLY(®) study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21: 203.
OpenUrl PubMed

[169] Prázný M,

[170] Suplotova L,

[171] Gumprecht J,

[172] Kamenov Z,

[173] Fülöp T,

[174] Medvedchikov A, et al.

[175] 32.↵
Gourdy P,
Darmon P,
Dievart F,
Halimi JM,
Guerci B
. Combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cardiovasc Diabeto 2023; 22: 79.
OpenUrl

[176] Gourdy P,

[177] Darmon P,

[178] Dievart F,

[179] Halimi JM,

[180] Guerci B

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GLP-1RA and SGLT2i utilization in people with type 2 diabetes with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or at high risk of ASCVD in the Gulf Region

Results from the PACT-MEA studys

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